trary, his whole life was an example to be
avoided by the good. Dickens's portrayal
of his personal character is a fair picture
of his reign so far as the King was con-
cerned. It was during that reign that a
new translation of the Bible was author-
ized (1604)-the English version yet in
use. The Duke of Buckingham was
James's special favorite for a long time;
and he and the Queen were suspected of
causing the King's last illness, by poison.
James II., King of England; born in
St. James's Palace, London, Oct. 14, 1633;
son of Charles I. and Henrietta Maria.
During the civil war, in which his father
lost his head, James and his brother
Gloucester and sister Elizabeth were un-
der the guardianship of the Duke of
Northumberland, and lived in the palace.
When the overthrow of monarchy ap-
peared inevitable, in 1648, he fled to
the Netherlands, with his mother
and family, and he was in Paris
when Charles I. was beheaded. He
entered the French service (1651),
and then the Spanish (1655), and
was treated with much consideration
by the Spaniards. His brother as-
cended the British throne in 1660 as
Charles II., and the same year James
married Anne Hyde, daughter of the
Earl of Clarendon. She died in
1671, and two years afterwards,

that of France. Finally, the announcement that the Queen had given birth to a son brought on a political crisis. The people had been restrained from revolution by the belief that the government would soon fall into the hands of his eldest daughter, who had married the Protestant Prince William of Orange. Now that event seemed remote, and William was invited by leading men of the realm to invade England. He did so in November, 1688, when the King was abandoned by every one but the Roman Catholicseven by his daughter Anne, who was afterwards Queen of England. James fled to France, where he was received by Louis XIV. with open arms. He made efforts to regain his kingdom, but failed, and died in St. Germain, France, Sept. 6, 1701.

James married Maria Beatrice Eleanor, a princess of the House of Este, of Modena, twenty-five years younger than himself. While in exile James had become a Roman Catholic, but did not acknowledge it until 1671. He had become a commander in the British navy, but the test - act of 1673 caused him to leave all public employments. Being sent to Scotland as head of the administration there, he treated the Covenanters with great cruelty. When Charles died, James became King (Feb. 6, 1685). The prime object of his administration was to overthrow the constitution of England and give the control of the nation to Roman Catholics. His rule was vigorous-often- James, BENJAMIN, lawyer; born in times tyrannous-and in less than three Stafford county, Va., April 22, 1768; beyears almost the whole of his subjects came a lawyer and practised in Charlesdetested him. The foreign policy of ton, S. C., till 1796. Removed to his the government was made subservient to native place and followed his profession

JAMES II.

till 1808, when he settled permanently in Laurens district, S. C. He published Digest of the Statute and Common Law of Carolina. He died in Laurens district, S. C., Nov. 15, 1825.

press on engrossing questions of the day.
Since 1869 he has lived chiefly in England.
His publications include Trans-Atlantic
Sketches (1875); A Passionate Pilgrim ;
The American; The Europeans; An Inter-
national Episode; The Siege of London;
The Bostonians; Poor Richard; Watch
and Ward; Life of Hawthorne; A Little
Tour in France; A London Life; The
Tragic Muse; The Lesson of the Master;
Embarrassments; Tales of Three Cities;
Essays in London and Elsewhere; The
Wheel of Time; What Maisie Knew, etc.

James, HENRY AMMON, lawyer; born in Baltimore, Md., April 24, 1854; graduated at Yale College in 1874, and at its law school in 1878; began practice in New York City in 1880. He is the author of Communism in America.

James, EDMUND JANES, educator; born in Jacksonville, Ill., May 21, 1855; was educated at the Illinois State Normal School and at the Northwestern and Harvard universities. In 1878-79 he was principal of the High School at Evanston, Ill.; in 1879-82 principal of the Model High School at Normal, Ill.; and in 188395 Professor of Public Finance and Administration in the Wharton School of Finance and Economy of the University of Pennsylvania. He was also Professor of Political and Social Science in the University of Pennsylvania in 1884-95, and editor of Political Economy and Public Economy and Public Law Series, published by the University of Pennsylvania, in 1886-95. He became president of the American Academy of Political and Social Science in 1889, and from 1890 to 1895 edited its Annals. In the latter year he was made associate editor. In 1895 he James, THOMAS, clergyman; born in was chosen Professor of Public Adminis- England in 1592; graduated at Cambridge tration and director of the Extension in 1614; emigrated to the United States Division in the University of Chicago. In in 1632, where he became the first pastor 1891-95 he was president of the American Society for the Extension of University Teaching. He is the author of Our Legal Tender Decisions; The Education of Business Men: The Relation of the Modern Municipality to the Gas Supply; and also numerous papers and addresses on political and educational topics.

James, EDWIN, geologist; born in Weybridge, Vt., Aug. 27, 1797; graduated at Middlebury College in 1816; and afterwards studied medicine, botany, and geology in Boston. He is the author of a Report of the Expedition to the Rocky Mountains, 1818-19; Narrative of John Tanner, etc. He died in Burlington, Ia., Oct. 28, 1861.

James, LEWIS GEORGE, historian; born in Providence, R. I., Feb. 19, 1844; graduated at Providence High School; instructor in history in the Adelphia Academy, Brooklyn, in 1894-95. He is the author of Samuel Gorton, a Forgotten Founder of our Liberties, etc.

of the church in Charlestown, Mass. In consequence of dissension he removed to New Haven and subsequently to Virginia, but was obliged to leave Virginia as he refused to conform to the English Church. He returned to New England in 1643, but went back to England, where he became pastor of a church in Needham till 1662, when he was removed for non-conformity after the accession of Charles II. He died in England in 1678.

James, THOMAS, navigator: born in England about 1590. In 1631 he was sent out by an association at Bristol to search for a northwest passage. With twenty-one men, in the ship Henrietta Maria (named in honor of the Queen), James, HENRY, author; born in New he sailed May 3. On June 29 he spoke York City, April 15, 1843; was educated in the ship of Capt. Luke Fox, who had been France, Switzerland, and in the Harvard sent on the same errand by the King, and Law School. His literary career opened furnished with a letter to the Emperor in 1866. A year or two later he began of Japan, if he should find that country. writing serial stories, but produced no ex- Neither James nor Fox discovered the covtended novel till 1875. He has since been eted" passage," but the former made valua prolific writer, not only of novels but able discoveries in Hudson Bay. James also of contributions to the periodical was a man of science, and in his Journal

History at the University of Chicago. He is the author of William Usselinx, Founder of the Dutch and Swedish West India Companies; History of Historical Writing in America; Dictionary of United States History, etc. He is also the editor of Essays on Constitutional History of the United States; and The Correspondence of John C. Calhoun.

he recorded his observations on rarities he had discovered, "both philosophicall and mathematicall." James and his crew suffered terribly, for they passed a winter in those high latitudes, and returned in 1632. In the following year he published The Strange and Dangerous Voyage of Capt. Thomas James for the Discovery of a Northwest Passage to the South Sea. James, THOMAS LEMUEL, journalist; Jamestown. On May 13, 1607, more born in Utica, N. Y., March 29, 1831; than 100 Englishmen landed on a slightly proprietor of the Madison County Jour- elevated peninsula on the right bank of nal, published at Hamilton, N. Y., 1851- the "River of Powhatan," Virginia, 40 61; took an active interest in politics, or 50 miles from its mouth; chose the serving the State and nation in various spot for the capital of a new colony; capacities; was appointed postmaster of cleared the trees from the ground; and New York City in 1873; Postmaster-Gen- began the building of a village, which, in eral, March 6, 1881; and resigned in 1882, compliment to their King (James I.), when he organized and became president they named Jamestown. They also gave of the Lincoln National Bank, New York his name to the river. The spot is more City. of an island than a peninsula, for the James, WILLIAM, psychologist; born in marshy isthmus that connects it with the New York City, Jan. 11, 1842; was edu- mainland is often covered with water. The cated in private schools and at the Law- Rev. Robert Hunt, the pastor of the colrence Scientific School. In 1872 he became ony, preached a sermon and invoked the Professor of Philosophy at Harvard Uni- blessings of God upon their undertaking. versity. He is the author of Principles Then, in the warm sunshine, and among of Psychology; Psychology: Briefer the shadowy woods and the delicious perCourse; The Will to Believe, and other fume of flowers, the sound of the metal Essays in Popular

Philosophy. He was appointed Gifford lecturer on natural religion in the University of Edinburgh for 1899-1901.

Jameson, JOHN FRANKLIN, educator; born in Boston, Sept. 19, 1859; graduated at Amherst in 1879. In 1895, when the American Historical Review was founded, he became its managing editor. In

the same year, when the Historical Manuscript Commis- axe was first heard in Virginia. The sion was instituted, he was made its first tree was felled for a dwelling on the chairman, and served as such till 1899. spot first settled, permanently, by EnglishHe was Professor of History at Brown men in America. The Indians were at University in 1888-1900. In the latter first hostile, and the settlement built a year he accepted a call to the chair of stockade. Their first church edifice there

was very simple.
to Virginia," says Captain Smith, "I
well remember we did hang an awning
(which was an old sail) to three or four

"When I first went like a barn "-was burned while Captain Smith was a prisoner among the Indians, and he found the settlers building a house for the president of the council. When, not long after, he was installed in that office, he ordered the "building of the palace to be stayed, as a thing apoyar Maltapa needless," and the church to be rebuilt at once.

(From Capt. John Smith's Historie of Virginia.)

Commissioners under the new charter arrived at Jamestown in the spring of 1610. Of the 490 persons left there by Smith the previous autumn, only sixty remained alive. They had refused to follow the admonitions of Smith to provide food for the winter, but relied upon the neighboring Indians to supply them. When Smith departed, the Indians showed hostility and withheld corn and game. They matured a plan for the destruction of the settlers at Jamestown, when POCAHONTAS (q. v.), like an angel of mercy, hastened to the settlement under cover of darkness, warned them of their danger, put them on their guard, and saved them. Terrible had been the sufferings of the colonists through the winter. More than 400 had perished by famine and sickness in the space of six months. It was long after referred to by the survivors as "the starving time." The settlers were in the depths of despair when the commissioners arrived. Sir Thomas Gates, who was acting governor, saw no other way to save the

trees to shadow us from the sun; our lives of the starving men than to abandon walls were rails of wood, our seats un- the settlement, sail to Newfoundland, and hewed trees, till we cut planks; our pul- distribute them among the fishermen pit a bar of wood nailed to two neighbor- there. They were embarked in four pining trees; in foul weather we shifted naces, but, at dawn, they met Lord Delainto an old, rotten tent, for we had few ware, with ships, supplies, and emigrants, better. . . . This was our church till at the mouth of the river. All turned we built a homely thing, like a barn, set back and, landed at deserted Jamestown, upon crotchets, covered with rafts, sedge, they stood in silent prayer and thanksand earth; so were also the walls. The giving on the shore, and then followed best of our houses were of the like curios- Rev. Mr. Buckle (who had succeeded Mr. ity, but, for the most part, of far worse Hunt) to the church, where he preached workmanship, that could neither well de- a sermon in the evening twilight. The fend wind nor rain. Yet we had daily congregation sang anthems of praise, and common prayer morning and evening, were listened to by crouching savages in every Sunday two sermons, and every the adjacent woods. In that little chapel three months communion till our minister at Jamestown Pocahontas was baptized died." The church-" the homely thing, and married a few years later. The fire