miners present, a person who shall hold this article, and who shall grant letters of arbitration on application having been made, and that said letters of arbitration shall be obligatory on the parties so applying."

The report was accepted by the miners present, who elected Dr. Jarote, in accordance with Article II. Here then we have in 1830 a primitive legislature elected by the people, the law drafted by it being submitted to the people for approval, and under it Dr. Jarote was elected first governor within the limits of the present state of Iowa. And it is to be said that the laws thus enacted were as promptly obeyed, and the acts of the executive officer thus elected as duly respected, as any have been since.

The miners who had thus erected an independent government of their own. on the west side of the Mississippi river continued to work successfully for a long time, and the new settlement attracted considerable attention. But the west side of the Mississippi belonged to the Sac and Fox Indians, and the government, in order to preserve peace on the frontier, as well as to protect the Indians in their rights under the treaty, ordered the settlers not only to stop mining, but to remove from the Indian territory. They were simply intruders. The execution of this order, was entrusted to Colonel Zachary Taylor, then in command of the military post at Prairie du Chien, who, early in July, sent an officer to the miners with orders to forbid settlement and to command the miners to remove within ten days to the east side of the Mississippi or they would be driven off by armed force. The miners, however, were reluctant about leaving the rich "leads" they had already discovered and opened and were not disposed to obey the order to remove with any considerable degree of alacrity. In due time, Colonel Taylor dispatched a detachment of troops to enforce his order. The miners, anticipating their arrival, had, excepting three, recrossed the river and from the east bank saw the troops land on the western shore. The three who had lingered a little too long were, however, permitted to make their escape unmolested. From this time, a military force was stationed at Dubuque to prevent the settlers from returning, until June, 1832. The Indians returned and were encouraged to operate the rich mines opened by the late white occupants.

In June, 1832, the troops were ordered to the east side to assist in the annihilation of the very Indians whose rights they had been protecting on the west side. Immediately after the close of the Black Hawk war and the negotiations of the treaty in September, 1832, by which the Sacs and Foxes ceded to the United States the tract known as the "Black Hawk Purchase," the settlers, supposing that now they had a right to reenter the territory, returned and took possession of their claims, built cabins, erected furnaces and prepared large quantities of lead for the market. Dubuque was becoming a noted place on the river, but the prospects of the hardy and enterprising settlers and miners were again ruthlessly interfered with by the government, on the ground that they had withdrawn from the vicinity of the settlement. Colonel Taylor was again. ordered by the war department to remove the miners, and in January, 1833, troops were again sent from Prairie du Chien to Dubuque for that purpose. This was a serious and perhaps unnecessary hardship imposed upon the settlers. They were compelled to abandon their cabins and homes in mid-winter. It must now be said, simply that "red tape" should be respected. The purchase

Vol. 1-3

had been made, the treaty ratified, or was sure to be; the Indians had retired, and after a lapse of several decades, no very satisfactory reason for this rigorous action of the government can be given.

But the orders had been given and there was no alternative but to obey. Many of the settlers recrossed the river and did not return. A few, however, removed to an island near the east bank of the river, built rude cabins of poles, in which to store their lead until spring, when they could float the fruits of their labor to St. Louis for sale, and where they could remain until the treaty. went into force, when they could return. Among these were James L. Langworthy and his brother Lucius, who had on hand about three hundred thousand pounds of lead.

Lieutenant Covington, who had been placed in command at Dubuque by Colonel Taylor, ordered some of the cabins of the settlers to be torn down, and wagons and other property to be destroyed. This wanton and inexcusable action. on the part of a subordinate clothed with a little brief authority was sternly rebuked by Colonel Taylor, and Covington was superseded by Lieutenant George Wilson, who pursued a just and friendly course with the pioneers, who were only waiting for the time when they could repossess their claims.

June 1, 1833, the treaty formally went into effect, the troops were withdrawn and the Langworthy brothers and a few others at once returned and resumed possession of their home claims and mineral prospects, and from this time the first permanent settlement of this portion of Iowa must date. John P. Sheldon was appointed superintendent of the mines by the government, and a system of permits to miners and licenses to smelters was adopted, similar to that which had been in operation at Galena since 1825, under Lieutenant Martin Thomas and Captain Thomas C. Legate. Substantially the primitive law enacted by the miners assembled around that old cottonwood drift log in 1830 was adopted and enforced by the United States government, except that miners were required to sell their mineral to licensed smelters and the smelter was required to give bonds for the payment of six per cent of all lead manufactured, to the government. This was the same rule adopted in the United States mines on Fever river in Illinois, except that until 1830 the Illinois miners. were compelled to pay ten per cent tax. This tax upon the miners created much dissatisfaction among the miners on the west side as it had on the east side of the Mississippi. They thought they had suffered hardships and privations enough in opening the way for civilization, without being subjected to the imposition of an odious government tax upon their means of subsistence, when the federal government could better afford to aid than to extort from them. The measure soon became unpopular. It was difficult to collect the taxes and the whole system was abolished in about ten years.

During 1833, after the Indian title was fully extinguished, about five hundred people arrived at the mining district, about one hundred and fifty of them from Galena.

In the same year Mr. Langworthy assisted in building the first schoolhouse in Iowa, and thus was formed the nucleus of the now populous and thriving city of Dubuque. Mr. Langworthy lived to see the naked prairie on which he first landed become the site of a city of fifteen thousand inhabitants, the small schoolhouses which he aided in constructing replaced by three substantial edi

fices, wherein two thousand children were being trained, churches erected in every part of the city, and railroads connecting the wilderness which he first explored with all the eastern world. He died suddenly, on the 13th of March, 1865, while on a trip over the Dubuque & Southwestern Railroad, at Monticello, and the evening train brought the news of his death and his remains.

Lucius H. Langworthy, his brother, was one of the most worthy, gifted and influential of the old settlers of this section of Iowa. He died, greatly lamented by many friends, in June, 1865.

The name Dubuque was given to the settlement by the miners at a meeting held in 1834.

In 1832, Captain James White made a claim on the present site of Montrose. In 1834 a military post was established at this point, and a garrison of cavalry was stationed here under the command of Colonel Stephen W. Kearney. The soldiers were removed from this post to Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, in 1837.

During the same year, 1832, soon after the close of the Black Hawk war, Zachariah Hawkins, Benjamin Jennings, Aaron White, Augustine Horton, Samuel Gooch, Daniel Thompson and Peter Williams made claims at Fort Madison. In 1833 these claims were purchased by John and Nathaniel Knapp, upon which, in 1835, they laid out the town. The next summer lots were sold. The town was subsequently resurveyed and platted by the United States govern

ment.

At the close of the Black Hawk war, parties who had been impatiently looking across upon "Flint Hills," now Burlington, came over from Illinois and made claims. The first was Samuel S. White, in the fall of 1832, who erected a cabin on the site of the city of Burlington. About the same time David Tothero made a claim on the prairie about three miles back from the river, at a place since known as the farm of Judge Morgan. In the winter of that year they were driven off by the military from Rock Island, as intruders upon the rights of the Indians, and White's cabin was burned by the soldiers. He retired to Illinois, where he spent the winter, and in the summer, as soon as the Indian title was extinguished, returned and rebuilt his cabin. White was joined by his brother-in-law, Doolittle, and they laid out the original town of Burlington in 1834.

All along the river borders of the Black Hawk Purchase settlers were flocking into Iowa. Immediately after the treaty with the Sacs and Foxes, in September, 1832, Colonel George Davenport made the first claim on the spot where the thriving city of Davenport now stands. As early as 1827, Colonel Davenport had established a flatboat ferry, which ran between the island and the main shore of Iowa, by which he carried on a trade with the Indians west of the Mississippi. In 1833 Captain Benjamin W. Clark moved across from Illinois and laid the foundation of the town of Buffalo, in Scott county, which was the first actual settlement within the limits of that county. Among other early settlers in this part of the territory were Adrian H. Davenport, Colonel John Sullivan, Mulligan and Franklin Easly, Captain John Coleman, J. M. Camp, William White, H. W. Higgins, Cornelius Harrold, Richard Harrison, E. H. Shepherd and Dr. E. S. Barrows.

The first settlers of Davenport were Antoine LeClaire, Colonel George Dav

enport, Major Thomas Smith, Major William Gordon, Philip Hambough, Alexander W. McGregor, Levi S. Colton, Captain James May and others. Of Antoine LeClaire, as the representative of the two races of men who at this time occupied Iowa, Hon. C. C. Nourse, in his admirable centennial address, says: "Antoine LeClaire was born at St. Joseph, Michigan, in 1797. His father was French, his mother a granddaughter of a Pottawattomie chief. In 1818, he acted as official interpreter to Colonel Davenport, at Fort Armstrong (now Rock Island). He was well acquainted with a dozen Indian dialects and was a man of strict integrity and great energy. In 1820 he married the granddaughter of a Sac chief. The Sac and Fox Indians reserved for him and his wife two sections of land in the treaty of 1833, one at the town of LeClaire and one at Davenport. The Pottawatomies, in the treaty at Prairie du Chien, also reserved for him two sections. of land, at the present site of Moline, Illinois. He received the appointment of postmaster and justice of the peace in the Black Hawk Purchase, at an early day. In 1833, he bought for $100 a claim on the land upon which the original town of Davenport was surveyed and platted in 1836. In 1836, LeClaire built the hotel, known since, with its valuable addition, as the LeClaire House. He died September 25, 1861."

In Clayton county the first settlement was made in the spring of 1832, on Turkey river, by Robert Hatfield and William W. Wayman. No further settlement was made in this part of the state till the beginning of 1836.

In that portion now known as Muscatine county, settlements were made in 1834 by Benjamin Nye, John Vanater and G. W. Kasey, who were the first settlers. E. E. Fay, William St. John, N. Fullington, H. Reece, Jonah Pettibone, R. P. Lowe, Stephen Whicher, Abijah Whiting, J. E. Fletcher, W. D. Abernethy and Alexis Smith were early settlers of Muscatine.

During the summer of 1835 William Bennett and his family from Galena built the first cabin within the present limits of Delaware county, in some timber since known as Eads' Grove.

The first postoffice in Iowa was established at Dubuque in 1833. Milo H. Prentice was appointed postmaster.

The first justice of the peace was Antoine LeClaire, appointed in 1833, as "a very suitable person to adjust the difficulties between the white settlers and the Indians still remaining there."

The first Methodist society in the territory was formed at Dubuque on the 18th of May, 1834, and the first class-meeting was held June 1st of that year.

The first church bell brought into Iowa was in March, 1834.

The first mass of the Roman Catholic church in the territory was celebrated at Dubuque in the house of Patrick Quigley, in the fall of 1833.

The first schoolhouse in the territory was erected by the Dubuque miners in 1833.

The first Sabbath school was organized at Dubuque early in the summer of 1834.

The first woman who came to this part of the territory with a view to permanent residence was Mrs. Noble F. Dean, in the fall of 1832.

The first family that lived in this part of Iowa was that of Hosea T. Camp in 1832.