of among the peasantry as the "three hills' market." At this early period Lund had much commerce with England. She was then connected with the seaport village of Lomma by a partly natural canal supplied from the Höje-Aå.

According to ancient custom each craft possessed its own peculiar street, and one still remains in Lund, called Kattesundet (from the old word kati, a boat), where the watermen dwelt who plied down the canal to Lomma.

Some years since, when repairs were made in the Shoemakers' street, a cartload of leather shoes, hard as stones, of very ancient form, were disinterred from the earth, were they had lain buried for centuries.

Three Englishmen in succession, Henry,* Egino, and Richwald, were appointed to the newly-erected bishopric of Lund; the mint too, when first established, was conducted by an Anglo-Saxon mint-master. The earliest architects of her stone cathedral, which replaced the church of wood, came also from our native land. No

In early Christian times it was the policy of our English prelates to maintain a crop of seedling missionaries, ever ready, at a moment's warning, to start forth to heathen lands, and there to fill such high positions as they could scarcely hope to attain to in their native country. Bishop Henry was no credit to the English hierarchy. He had been chaplain to three successive kings of Denmark. Having collected great riches, he lived in luxury and idleness, and ended by drinking himself to death. Egino, his successor, was a zealous and pious man, who converted, by his preaching, the heathen of Blekinge and Bornholm. Wherever he went he fearlessly overthrew the idols, destroying the great temple of Skara, and even forming a plan for burning that of Upsala.

The earliest Swedish coin extant, that of Olof Skötkonung, date 993, is by a well-known English mint-master named Snellenk, who also worked in Denmark, and is supposed to have come over from thence to Sweden.

sooner was Lund named metropolitan of the northern Church, than her wealth increased; her thirty canons enjoyed considerable incomes; sixty altars blazed with tapers noon and night; she possessed upwards of one thousand estates;-no one could give her enough. Within the narrow precincts of the city walls stood twenty-two parish churches, as well as seven convents. Her princely archbishops, most turbulent of prelates, hard towards the peasantry, insolent to their sovereigns, dwelt within Lundagård, at that time a strong fortress. So great, says the chronicler, was the state in which they rode forth through the country, that young and old came out to gaze; the artisan left his workshop, and the housewife her boiling pot. It is even now a saying among the people when the meat is burnt, "Surely the bishop must have passed this way!" When not at variance with the king they had plenty of work in quelling insurrections among the peasantry, in one of which, during the days of Duke Gert of Holstein, three hundred knights were slain in the church alone. No archbishop was ever equal in grandeur to Absalon. Other prelates were less prosperous, and we constantly meet with them in history as imprisoned in Søborg, riding on donkeys with their faces turned to the tailbearing foxes' brushes in their mitres occasionally burnt in the market-place at Copenhagen. Few loved the Church better (scandal says too much) than the great Queen Margaret. She devoted herself to the service of St. Lawrence, and would ever remain his "lowest handmaiden:" so, when her son died, the priests took good care she should be "hyllad" on St. Lyber's Hill, where the sovereigns were elected for Skåne, as almighty mistress and master over all Denmark.”

66

But with the Reformation ended the heyday of the Church in Lund: her convents destroyed, her lands confiscated, she became the most desolate of cities. Her archbishop now bore the title of superintendent, and commanded neither the respect of the nobility, nor of the people, who, like our own Queen Bess, looked sadly askance at the wives and daughters of churchmen. It is told how Holger Rosenkrantz in a passion knocked down Dr. Mads the superintendent, boxed his ears till his nose bled, then flogged him with a whip, as a pedagogue would a schoolboy. The outraged churchman, taking boat, presented himself, bloody and unwashed, before his sovereign. Christian IV. ordered the offender to be summoned before the High Court, who condemned him to pay a fine of 300 specie. On hearing the sentence, Rosenkrantz bawled out, "Three hundred specie! Why, I'd pay six hundred any day, only to flog the rascal again.” When this was related to the king, he remarked, " Had I only as many relations in the court as Holger, Dr. Mads would have got a very different sentence."

So Lund went down and down-lower and lowerand would perhaps have disappeared altogether from the face of the earth, had it not been for its University, founded in 1658 at the suggestion of the superintendent, afterwards Bishop Winstrup. Skåne had been lately ceded to the Swedish crown, but her youth were Danes at heart, and accustomed to pursue their studies at Copenhagen, which did not suit the new order of things. This idea of a provincial university so delighted Charles XI., that he caused Winstrup to be forthwith ennobled, and presented him with a massive gold chain, from which hung his own portrait set in brilliants. Ideas

were better paid in the seventeenth century than they are now-a-days.

The commissioners reported Lund as a "tumbledown old place, with two burgomasters, an apotek, and a neighbourhood infested by robbers;" in short, they poohpoohed the suggestion, which was, however, carried out, and the university founded. In 1683 the students petitioned the king, complaining "they were crammed five and six in one room, without stoves, windows, or tables, for which accommodation they paid a high price, and, when they asked for repairs, were promised them for 'next summer.' But how," inquired they of his Majesty, are we to get through the winter?" Lundagård, the palace erected by Frederik II. (the residence of the archbishops had long since disappeared), was given, together with eighty-five farms, for the support of the university. Of the latter, however, it was soon despoiled in war-time, and the first 500 specie sent to purchase books for the library were coolly pocketed by the professors. Notwithstanding all this, the university has flourished, and it now numbers from four to five hundred students.

66

Lund is the type of a worn-out ecclesiastical city; her cathedral and college-buildings stand like giants among the humble dwarf-like tenements; orchards and old convent gardens of richest soil intersect and surround the town. The site of her walls* has been planted with trees, and public promenades fresh laid out, with serpentine walks fit alone for eels to wriggle on

In Roman Catholic times the city was entirely surrounded by fishponds, so great was the demand for the finny tribe by the clergy and monks during the season of Lent.

Her

but this folks say is the true English style. students wander about with pipes, wearing in their caps a yellow rosette: of an evening when the weather is fine they sing in chorus under the trees; and sometimes a band of four come incog. to the Rådhuset, where we are lodged, and sing old Swedish melodies in the hall of St. Knud for our amusement. Four finer voices I have seldom heard: one, a tenor, such as one sometimes finds in the cathedral choir, but far too charming to last.

Independent of her various museums, all good in their kind, Lund possesses two objects of high interest-her cathedral church of St. Lawrence, and the library of the university.