THE

IMPERIAL DICTIONARY

OF

UNIVERSAL BIOGRAPHY:

A SERIES OF

ORIGINAL MEMOIRS OF DISTINGUISHED MEN,

OF ALL AGES AND ALL NATIONS.

BY

WRITERS OF EMINENCE IN THE VARIOUS BRANCHES OF LITERATURE,
SCIENCE, AND ART.

Entered at Stationers' Hall.

PRINTED BY WILLIAM MACKENZIE, 45 AND 47 HOWARD STREET, GLASGOW.

THE FOLLOWING ARE AMONGST THE CONTRIBUTORS.

W. L. A.

A. A.

J. A., L.

J. A., D.

T. A.

REV. W. LINDSAY ALEXANDER, D.D., ProFESSOR OF DIVINITY, Edinburgh.

SIR ARCHIBALD ALISON, Bart., Author of "HISTORY OF EUROPE."

REV. JOSEPH ANGUS, D.D., PRESIDENT OF STEPNEY COLLEGE, REGENT'S PARK, London.
JOHN ANSTER, Esq., LL.D., REGIUS PROFESSOR OF CIVIL LAW IN THE UNIVERSITY OF DUBLIN.
THOMAS ARNOLD, Esq., B.A., Oxon., Dublin.

W. B-d. WILLIAM BAIRD, Esq., M.D., F.L.S., AUTHOR OF "CYCLOPEDIA OF THE NATURAL SCIENCES."

J. H. B.

H. B.

T. S. B.

J. R. B.

E. B., L.

H. G. B.

H. B.

J. S. B.

F. B.

JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR, Esq., M.D., F.R.S., REGIUS PROFESSOR OF BOTANY, EDINBURGH UNIVERSITY.
HUGH BARCLAY, Esq., LL.D., SHERIFF-SUBStitute, Perth.

T. SPENCER BAYNES, Esq., LL.B., EXAMINER IN LOGIC AND INTELLECTUAL, MORAL, AND POLITICAL
PHILOSOPHY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF London.

REV. J. R. BEARD, D.D., AUTHOR OF THE "PEOPLE'S DICTIONARY OF THE BIBLE," MANCHESTER.
EDWIN BEEDELL, ESQ., AUTHOR OF "MERCANTILE AND MARITIME GUIDE," "THE BRITISH TARIFF," &c.
HENRY GLASSFORD BELL, Esq., Advocate, SHERIFF-SUBSTITUTE of Glasgow.
HUGH BLACKBURN, Esq., M.A., PROFESSOR OF MATHEMATICS, GLASGOW UNIVERSITY.
JOHN STUART BLACKIE, ESQ., PROFESSOR OF GREEK, EDINBURGH UNIVERSITY.
FRANCIS BOWEN, Esq., M.A., HARVARD COLLEGE, Cambridge, UNITED STATES.

W. B. B. REV. W. B. BOYCE, WESLEYAN MISSION HOUSE, AUTHOR OF THE "KAFFIR GRAMMAR."

D. B.

J. H. B., L.

SIR DAVID BREWSTER, K.H., PRINCIPAL OF THE EDINBURGH UNIVERSITY.

J. H. BROWNE, Esq., LL.B., INNER TEMPLE, AUTHOR OF "LIVES OF THE PRIME MINISTERS OF ENGLAND." B. DE B. BARONESS BLAZE DE BURY, PARIS.

J. H. B-n.

W. B. C.

J. F. C.

G. L. C.

J. P. D.
S. D.

J. F. D.

M. D.

B. D.
J. D.

JOHN HILL BURTON, ESQ., AUTHOR OF "THE HISTORY OF SCOTLAND," "LIFE OF HUME," &c.
W. B. CARPENTER, Esq., M.D., F.R.S., UNIVERSITY HALL, LONDON.

J. F. CORKRAN, ESQ., AUTHOR OF "AN HOUR AGO," &c., Paris.

GEORGE L. CRAIK, Esq., A.M., PROF. OF HISTORY and English Literature, Queen's COLLEGE, BELFAST.

J. P. DABNEY, Esq., UNITED STATES, AUTHOR OF "ANNOTATIONS on the Gospels," &c.

REV. SAMUEL DAVIDSON, D.D., LL.D., AUTHOR OF "BIBLICAL CRITICISM,"
""SACRED HERMENEUTICS," &c.
REV. JOSHUA FREDERICK DENHAM, M.A., F.R.S., RECTOR OF ST. MARY-LE-Strand, London.
M. DESMAREST, Avocat, PARIS.

THE RIGHT HON. BENJAMIN DISRAELI, M.P., LATE CHANCELLOR OF THE EXCHEQUER.
JAMES DONALDSON, Esq., A.M., CLASSICAL MASTER, HIGH SCHOOL, Edinburgh.

J. W. D. REV. J. W. DORAN, LL.D., RECTOR OF BEESTON, NEAR NORWICH; LATE ASSOCIATION SECRETARY OF
THE CHURCH MISSIONARY SOCIETY.

P. E. D.
J. E.

J. ED.

K. E.

F. E.

P. F.

J. F. F.

W. F.

A. C. F.

S. H. G.

W. G.
R. G.

P. EDWARD DOVE, Esq., AUTHOR OF "THE THEORY OF HUMAN PROGRESSION," &c.

REV. JOHN EADIE, D.D., LL.D., PROFESSOR OF BIBLICAL LITERATURE, &c., Glasgow.
REV. JOHN EDMOND, D.D., LONDON.

KARL ELZE, Esq., PH.D., HON. M.R.S.L., DESSAU, GERMANY.
FRANCIS ESPINASSE, Esq., SHOOTER'S HILL, LONDON.

REV. PATRICK FAIRBAIRN, D.D., PROFESSOR OF DIVINITY, FREE CHURCH COLLEGE, GLASGOW.
J. F. FERRIER, Esq., LL.D., PROfessor of MorAL PHILOSOPHY, St. Andrews UNIVERSITY.

REV. WILLIAM FLEMING, D.D., PROFESSOR OF MORAL PHILOSOPHY, GLASGOW UNIVERSITY.

A. C. FRASER, Esq., M.A., PROFESSOR OF LOGIC AND METAPHYSICS, EDINBURGH UNIVERSITY.
SAMUEL H. GAEL, Esq., BARRISTER-AT-LAW, LINCOLN'S INN, AUTHOR OF
"LAW COMPOSITION,"
"PRECEDENTS OF PAROCHIAL SETTLEMENTS," &c.

WILLIAM GAMMELL, Esq., PROFESSOR, BROWN UNIVERSITY, PROVIDENCE, RHODE ISLAND, U.S.
ROBERT GRANT, ESQ., PROFESSOR OF ASTRONOMY, GLASGOW OBSERVATORY.

W. A. G. W. A. GREENHILL, ESQ., M.D., AUTHOR OF "LIVES OF CHRISTIAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS," &c., &c.
FELIX JOHN HAMEL, Esq., SOLICITOR FOR HER MAJESTY'S CUSTOMS, LONDON.

F. J. H.

J. H.

R. H.

E. N. H.

M. H.

REV. JAMES HAMILTON, D.D., F.L.S., AUTHOR OF "LIFE IN EARNEST," "THE ROYAL PREACHER," &c.
ROBERT HARRISON, ESQ., LIBRARIAN, LONDON LIBRARY.

E. N. HORSFORD, Esq., HARVARD UNIVERSITY, CAMBRIDGE, UNITED STATES.

MARY HOWITT, TRANSLATOR OF NORTHERN LITERATURE, &c.

W. H., L. WILLIAM HOWITT, Esq., AUTHOR OF "HISTORY OF NORTHERN LITERATURE," &c.

W. H.

T. J.

R. K.

E. L.

WILLIAM HUGHES, Esq., F.R.G.S., PROFESSOR OF GEOGRAPHY IN QUEEN'S COLLEGE, London.

REV. T. JACKSON, M.A., PREBENDARY OF ST. PAUL's, and Rector of Stoke Newington, London.
SIR ROBERT KANE, M.D., F.R.S., M.R.I.A., President of QUEEN'S COLLEGE, Cork.

E. LANKESTER, Esq., M.D., F.R.S., LECTURER ON THE PRACTICE OF MEDICINE, ST. GEORGE'S SCHOOL
OF MEDICINE, LONDON.

W. L., M. REV. WILLIAM LEITCH, D.D., PRINCIPAL OF QUEEN'S COLLEGE, Canada.

P. L.

REV. PETER LORIMER, D.D., PROFESSOR OF THEOLOGY AND HEBREW, PRESBYTERIAN COLLEGE, LONDON.

4

E. L. L.
W. M.

J. M'C.

EDMUND L. LUSHINGTON, ESQ., PROFESSOR OF GREEK, GLASGOW UNIVERSITY.
WILLIAM MACCALL, Esq., AUTHOR OF "THE INDIVIDUALIST," LONDON.

REV. JAMES M'COSH, LL.D., PROFESSOR OF LOGIC AND METAPHYSICS, QUEEN'S COLLEGE, BELFAST. G. A. M. G. A. MACFARREN, ESQ., COMPOSER OF "KING CHARLES THE SECOND," "MAYDAY," &c.

M.

N. M'L.

JOHN MACLEAN, Esq., F.S.A., &c., Keeper OF THE RECORDS OF HER MAJESTY'S ORDNANCE IN THE
TOWER, LONDON.

REV. NORMAN M'LEOD, D.D., ONE OF HER MAJESTY'S CHAPLAINS FOR SCOTLAND.

J. O. M'W. J. O. M‘WILLIAM, M.D., C.B., F.R.S., LATE PRINCIPAL MEDICAL OFFICER OF THE NIGER EXPEDITION, LONDON.

A. C. M.

A. C. MARANI, Esq., A.B., PROFESSOR OF ITALIAN AND SPANISH Literature, TRINITY COLLEGE, Dublin. W. A. M. WILLIAM ALLEN MILLER, Esq., M.D., V.P.R.S., PREsident of the CHEMICAL SOCIETY, AND PROFESSOR OF CHEMISTRY IN KING'S COLLEGE, LONDON.

G. M.

J. D. M.

T. B. M.

J. P. N.
J. N.

C. G. N.

J. O'D.

R. S. O.

J. G. P.
F. P.

F. P., L.

george moorE, Esq., M.D., AUTHOR OF "THE Power of the Soul over the Body," &c., &c.

J. D. MORELL, Esq., A.M., AUTHOR OF "A HISTORY OF MODERN PHILOSOPHY;" ONE OF HER MAJESTY'S
INSPECTORS OF SCHOOLS.

REV. T. B. MURRAY, M.A., PREBENDARY OF ST. PAUL'S, RECTOR OF ST. DUNSTAN'S-IN-THE-EAST, LONDON.
JOHN PRINGLE NICHOL, Esq., LL.D., LATE PROFESSOR OF ASTRONOMY, GLASGOW OBSERVATORY.
JOHN NICHOL, Esq., B.A., OXON., PROFESSOR OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE, GLASGOW
UNIVERSITY.

REV. C. G. NICOLAY, F.R.G.S., LATE LIBRARIAN AND LECTURER ON Geography at KING'S COLLEGE,
LONDON, AND PROFESSOR OF GEOGRAPHY AT QUEEN'S COLLEGE, London.

JAMES O'DOWD, Esq., BARRISTER-AT-LAW, LONDON, AUTHOR OF "NEW PRACTICE OF THE Court of
CHANCERY."

REV. R. S. OLDHAM, M.A., Oxon., ST. MARY'S, GLASGOW.

HON. JOHN G. Palfrey, d.d., LL.D., United States.

FREDERICK PENNY, Esq., M.D., Professor of Chemistry, AndERSONIAN University, Glasgow.
FRANCIS PULSZKY, Esq., F.H.A., &c., LONDON.

W. J. M. R. W. J. MACQUORN RANKINE, Esq., LL.D., F.R.SS.L. & E., REGIUS PROFESSOR OF ENGINEERING AND
MECHANICS, GLASGOW UNIVERSITY.

E. F. R.

H. D. R.

W. H. R.

A. S., O.

R. S. A. S.

R. A. S.

J. S. S.
C. S.

J. S.

W. S.

I. T.

J. T.

J. E T.

R. D. T.

W. T.

J. T-e.

T.

R. V.

J. V.

J. F. W.

J. W.

EDWARD F. RIMBAULT, LL.D., F.R.S., MEMBER OF THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF MUSIC, STOCKHOLM;
MUSICAL EXAMINER IN THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF PRECEPTORS, LONDON, &c.

HENRY DARWIN ROGERS, ESQ., PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY, GLASGOW UNIVERSITY.
WILLIAM H. RUSSELL, Esq., LL.D., THE Times' CRIMEAN, INDIAN, AND AMERICAN CORRESPONDent.
COUNT AURELIO SAFFI, PROFESSOR OF MODERN LANGUAGES, OXFORD UNIVERSITY.

R. SIEGFRIED, Esq., PH.D., LECTURER IN SANSCRIT, TRINITY COLLEGE, Dublin.

ALEXANDER SMITH, Esq., AUTHOR OF "A LIFE DRAMA," "CITY POEMS," &c.; SECRETARY TO THE
UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH.

ROBERT ANGUS SMITH, Esq., PH.D., F.C.S., SECRETARY TO LITERARY AND PHIL. SOCIETY, MANCHESTER.
J. STORER SMITH, Esq., AUTHOR OF "MIRABEAU: A LIFE HISTORY."

REV. CANON STOWELL, INCUMBENT OF CHRIST CHURCH, SALFORD; CHAPLAIN TO THE LORD BISHOP
OF MANCHESTER.

JAMES SUMMERS, Esq., LATE PROFESSOR OF CHINESE, KING'S COLLEGE, London.
REV. WILLIAM SYMINGTON, D.D., LATE PROFESSOR OF SYSTEMATIC THEOLOGY, GLASGOW.
ISAAC TAYLOR, ESQ., AUTHOR OF THE "NATURAL HISTORY OF ENTHUSIASM,”
BELIEF," &c.

REV. JAMES TAYLOR, D.D., Author of the PICTORIAL HISTORY OF SCOTLAND."

"RESTORATION OF

SIR JAMES EMERSON TENNENT, AUTHOR OF “Ceylon; Physical, Historical, and TopographiCAL,”
AND SECRETARY TO THE BOARD OF TRADE.

R. D. THOMSON, Esq., M.D., F.R.S., Professor of CHEMISTRY, St. Thomas' Hospital College, London.
WALTER THORNBURY, Esq., AUTHOR OF "Art and Nature," "SHAKSPEARE'S ENGLAND," &c.
JAMES THORNE, Esq., LONDON.

VERY REV. JOHN TULLOCH, D.D., Principal and Primarius PROFESSOR OF DIVINITY, ST. MARY'S
COLLEGE, ST. ANDREWS.

REV. ROBERT VAUGHAN, D.D., AUTHOR OF "LIFE OF WICKLIFFE," &c.

JOHN VEITCH, Esq., M.A., PROFESSOR OF LOGIC AND METAPHYSICS, ST. ANDREWS UNIVERSITY.

JOHN FRANCIS WALLER, Esq., LL.D., M.R.I.A., HON. SECRETARY TO THE ROYAL DUBLIN SOCIETY.
CAPTAIN J. WASHINGTON, R.N., F.R.S., HYDROGRAPHER OF THE ROYAL NAVY, ADMIRALTY,
WHITEHALL, LONDON.

F. C. w. F. C. WEBB, Esq., M.D., LONDON.

W. W.

C. R. W.
R. W.

H. H. W.

R. N. W.

REV. W. WEBSTER, M.A., CAMB., KING'S COLLEGE, LONDON.

C. R. WELD, Esq., SECRETARY ROYAL SOCIETY.

ROBERT WILLIS, Esq., M.D., LONDON, TRANSLATOR OF HARVEY, &c., &c.

H. H. WILSON, Esq., M.A., F.R.S., BODEN PROFESSOR OF SANSCRit, Oxford.
RALPH N. WORNUM, Esq., Keeper and Secretary, National Gallery.