party-who had made himself conspicuous in the constitutional convention of 1878-9 for his violent anti-Chinese and other sand-lots utterances, and who had afterwards continued his agitation with so much success in San Francisco as to be elected coroner in 1884-had nominated himself for governor and relied for support upon what may be called the fag-ends of his own old party and the dissatisfied members of other parties.'

On November 2, 1886, the election was held; and the public opinion of the day expressed itself through the ballot-box. For governor, Bartlett, who was elected, received eighty-four thousand nine hundred and seventy votes to eighty-four thousand three hundred and eleven for Swift, six thousand four hundred and thirty-two for Russell, seven thousand three hundred and fortyseven for Wigginton, and twelve thousand two hundred and twenty-seven for O'Donnell. For lieutenant-governor, Waterman, who was elected, received ninety-four thousand nine hundred and seventy-three to ninety-two thousand five hundred and seventy-six for Tarpey. McFarland, Paterson and Temple were elected justices of the supreme court by very large majorities—the first two for full terms and the last for the unexpired term. Thus the popular voice was for a Democratic governor, a Republican lieutenant-governor, Republican justices of the supreme court for the long term, and a Democrat for the short term. The rest of the ticket elected was partly Republican and partly Democratic, and nearly evenly divided. For congress, Thomas L. Thompson, Marion Briggs, Joseph McKenna, William W. Morrow, Charles N. Felton and William Vandever, the first two Democrats and the other four Republicans, were elected. The railroad commission, got two Republicans and one Democrat, the state board of equalization two Democrats and one Republican. And, last not least, the "Heath amendment" to the constitution, which, as before stated, proposed an annual tax of two and a half per cent on the gross earnings of railroad companies in lieu of all other state and county taxes-the gross earnings to be ascertained by the state board of equalization-together with some other provisions in reference to revenue, was defeated.2

1 Davis' Political Conventions, 526–532.

2 Senate Journal, 1887, 23; Davis' Political Conventions, 532, 533.

45 VOL. IV.

The legislature of 1887 met on January 3. The senate, being largely Democratic, elected Stephen M. White its president pro tempore; and, following the precedent of the Democratic senate in 1871 when Pacheco was lieutenant-governor, it resolved to appoint all its own committees, instead of leaving them for Waterman's choice.' The assembly, having a small Republican majority, chose William H. Jordan its speaker, who of course appointed the committees. On January 6, after the houses were fully organized, Governor Stoneman transmitted to them his second biennial and last message. He said that the manifold industrial, economical and commercial interests of the state were in a highly prosperous condition; immigration pouring in; property values being enhanced; rich resources developed; fields for labor multiplying; and peace and good order-the concomitants of prosperity-everywhere prevailed. At the same time the expenses of the government, which had been unprecedentedly low during the first two years of his administration, had greatly increased in the last two years-the expenditures of the latter being over two and a half millions more than those of the former, and the state rate of taxation having advanced from forty-five and one-fifth cents on the one hundred dollars in 1884 to fiftysix cents in 1886. The railroad suit in the United States supreme court, he said, had been decided against the state, but not upon the vital question as to the validity of the revenue system of the constitution as applied to railroads. Meanwhile, the state controller and himself had been in full accord in unremitting efforts to compel railroads to discharge their obligations to the state; and, though they had failed, better things were to be hoped under the new administration, when the legal department would doubtless cordially co-operate with the other departments of the government. The amount of taxes with penalties and interest against the Central and Southern Pacific companies, for the years from 1880 to 1883 inclusive, was upwards of one and a half million dollars, of which Attorney-general Marshall had collected under his arrangement of compromise, and on June 19, 1886, paid to the state, the sum of a little over seven hundred and sixty-eight thousand dollars. The sum still remaining due, counting penal'Senate Journal, 1887, 9, 10.

ties and interest and including the unpaid taxes of 1885 and 1886, was over two and a quarter million dollars.'

In reference to the extra session of 1886, he said that, though barren of the results anticipated, it had done some good by the new light thrown by its discussions upon the subject of irrigation; but it was evident that a session of sixty days was not enough to solve so large a question. As to the act of 1885 for compiling, printing and furnishing text-books for the common schools, the appropriation had been one hundred and seventy thousand dollars, with which a new plant had been established in connection with the state printing office; copyrights purchased; and books, including speller and three readers, or in all eleven hundred and twenty-eight pages that compared favorably with any in the United States, were printed and furnished at less than one-half the usual price. "The work," he added, "has been well done and has effected an enormous saving to the people of the state for all time to come. It has, furthermore, had as a result the incalculable advantage of demonstrating that a state may do such work for itself; and no doubt this will enure to the benefit of the whole Union, and the example of California be followed by other states." He commended the secretary of state for materially reducing the expenses of his office and the surveyorgeneral for making his, more nearly self-sustaining than it had been during any past administration. He stated the total state expenditures for charitable institutions, during the previous two fiscal years, at very nearly six hundred and twenty-five thousand dollars; recommended an increase of the jute mill plant at the San Quentin state prison, and the employment of the convicts at Folsom to quarry stone for the San Francisco sea-wall, and remarked upon the enormous overcrowding of the insane asylums, there being nearly three thousand patients in 1886 as against a little over fifteen hundred in 1884. The board of bank commissioners had done excellent work-having under their charge ninety-six banks to be examined twice every year. Of these, twenty-two were savings banks holding in their keeping sixty-three millions of dollars; while the other seventy-four were commercial banks having forty and a half millions. He called 11 Appendix to Legislative Journals, 1887.

attention to the annual decrease of the quinnat salmon and recommended more stringent protection. He also spoke of a reduction, during the previous two years, of twenty per cent of the dockage and in some instances of fifty per cent in tolls by the state harbor commission at San Francisco; while tolls on wheat and flour shipped from the port had been entirely removed; and, in the same connection, he mentioned the fact that at the end of 1886 the total completed length of the San Francisco sea-wall was six thousand three hundred and sixty-one feet at a cost of a little over one million one hundred and ninety-one thousand dollars, or an average of about one hundred and eighty-seven and a quarter dollars per lineal foot.

But it was perhaps with most satisfaction that he reviewed the chief agricultural and horticultural industries of the state and their great development. "A state," said he, "that can show a production annually of from twenty to forty million bushels of wheat, fifteen to eighteen million gallons of wine, thousands of tons of fruit, eight to ten million pounds of wool, a half million boxes of raisins, and whose citrus fruits are the admiration of all, must be prosperous. The demand for her productions will increase in a manifold degree." He praised the managing boards of agriculture and horticulture as having done well and reflected credit upon the state; and he accordingly had a good word to say of the state agricultural society, the state board of horticulture, the state viticultural commission, and also for the board of silk culture and the mining bureau. And in conclusion-stating that with this message ended his official duties-he said that it had been his aim to emulate the records for efficiency and integrity left by his predecessor; and that it was a source of deep gratification to him to have the honor and privilege of handing over the power committed to his trust by the people of the state to his successor, who had so deservedly earned an enviable reputation for qualities of statesmanship-pure, wise and economic and whose public life had ever been devoted to the best interests of the people.'

Washington Bartlett, the sixteenth governor of the state of California, elected to the fourteenth gubernatorial term, was born 11 Appendix to Legislative Journals, 1887.

in Savannah, Georgia, on February 29, 1824. As he grew up, he attended school in that city and afterwards in Tallahassee, Florida, to which place the Bartlett family removed in 1837. There he commenced business by learning the printer's occupation in the office of his father, who was the editor and proprietor of a newspaper. In 1845, at the age of twenty-one years, he commenced the publication of a newspaper on his own account. On January 13, 1849, he took passage in the ship Othello from Charleston, South Carolina, for California and arrived in San Francisco, by way of Cape Horn, on November 19, 1849. Immediately upon his arrival, having previously shipped from Charleston the necessary materials, he opened a job-printing office and went to work. One of the first fruits of his labor was the publication of a small royal-octavo volume entitled, "California As It Is and As It May Be," bearing the imprint "San Francisco, printed by Washington Bartlett, No. 8 Clay street, 1849." On January 23, 1850, he issued the first number of the Daily Journal of Commerce, which made its appearance the next day after the old Alta California, previously published as a tri-weekly, came out as the Daily Alta California-the two thus being the first daily newspapers published in the state. It was his misfortune to lose heavily in several of the great fires of the early days; but he managed to keep at work and continued in the newspaper and printing business until 1857-having been interested at different times in various newspapers, including the Evening Journal, the Evening News and lastly in the True Californian. In 1857, the year after the famous vigilance committee and the organization of the great People's party, he was appointed deputy in the office of the county clerk of the city and county of San Francisco; in 1859 was elected county clerk, and re-elected to the same office in 1861. After the expiration of his second term, having been admitted to the bar, he practiced law in partnership with his brother, Columbus Bartlett, until 1867, when he was again elected county clerk of the city and county of San Francisco and served a third term. In 1870 he was appointed by Governor Haight a state harbor commissioner to fill a vacancy occasioned by the death of James H. Cutter. In 1872 he was elected a state senator on the Democratic ticket and served a four years' term, after