the mines and the increasing activity of mechanical industries. In illustration of the general progress, he cited the fact that in 1875 the export of wine amounted to only a little over one million gallons and of brandy a little over forty-two thousand gallons, while in 1881 it had risen to nearly three million gallons of wine and two hundred and ten thousand gallons of brandy. He stated the assessed value of taxable property in the state to be at that time about six hundred millions of dollars; the interest-bearing debt, most of it in school bonds, being a little over three and a half millions. He said that in the ten years previous, over four millions had been expended in public buildings; four and a half millions for charities, and twelve millions for public education; and that within fifteen years the expenditures for educational purposes had increased from an annual average of two hundred and seventy-five thousand to upwards of two millions. The expenditures of his own administration had amounted to nearly four and a quarter millions annually, while the annual average for five years preceding was only a little over three millions six hundred thousand; but the reasons for this increase were to be attributed to the extraordinary expenses occasioned by the new constitution, the natural growth of the state and the old debts that had been left for him to pay up; and in the same connection he congratulated himself upon paying two hundred and eighteen thousand dollars of deficiencies due when he was sworn in, and upon leaving nothing of the kind to be provided for by his successor. He also called

attention to the fact that the directors of the state prison had returned twenty-five thousand dollars, and those of the Stockton insane asylum and of the state normal school, each one thousand dollars, of unexpended appropriations; and said there had been "no similar record in the fiscal history of the state." He took pride in announcing that the state prisons during his administration had been rendered substantially self-supporting; that the jute-mill established at San Quentin was a success, and the grain sacks manufactured there superior to those imported; and he hoped that in the next and following years there would be no necessity of further appropriations for state prison purposes. As to the drainage or débris act of 1880, which had been pro

nounced invalid by the supreme court, he said that it had received his signature in response to an almost universal demand of the people in the mountains engaged in placer mining and of the farmers in the valleys affected by the flow of the detritus. In reference to the new constitution, he had some remarks to make about its operation in respect to tax assessments, indicating -though he did not intend his remarks to be taken in that lightthe great temporary disturbance it had caused and how rapidly matters were coming back to their old and more reasonable basis. He said that in 1880, immediately after its adoption, the assessed value of taxable property in the state, exclusive of railroads, was returned at upwards of one hundred and three millions of dollars more than in 1879; but that in 1881 it had dropped upwards of thirty-seven millions less than in 1880, and in 1882 nearly nineteen millions less than in 1881.

In further remarks upon the operation of the new constitution and especially in regard to tax matters and in reference to the state board of equalization, though he did not directly recommend amendments, he plainly indicated that they might be in order. And in conclusion, as to the most important topics adverted to by him, he appended a list, as required by law, of the instances in which he had exercised the pardoning power. It appeared that since December 20, 1880, he had granted the very large number of eighty-two pardons from state prisons, fifty-six from county jails, and ninety-one commutations of sentence. He admitted that the list might appear long; but he pleaded the great responsibilities, which had weighed upon him, and said that in every instance he had been actuated by a sense of justice to both state and criminal; and he felt satisfied his action would be approved.'

11 Appendix to Legislative Journals, 1883.

CHAPTER XIII.

STONEMAN.

THE

HE new constitution, as has been already shown, provided that the terms of state officers in general, not including the justices of the supreme court and judges of the superior courts who were to hold for longer periods, should be for four years-except those elected in 1879 should hold for only three years. Former gubernatorial elections had all taken place in odd years. The object of the change seems to have been to make the elections for governors and state officers in general take place in the even years not bissextile, or in the even years when there was no election for president and vice-president of the United States. The first of these even-year gubernatorial elections was to take place in November, 1882; and in anticipation of it the political parties began to stir early. The Democratic state convention met at San José on June 20 and nominated a ticket with George Stoneman for governor and John Daggett for lieutenant-governor. The Republicans met at Sacramento on August 30 and nominated Morris M. Estee for governor and Alvah R. Conklin for lieutenant-governor. The Prohibitionists, at San Francisco on July 11, nominated Richard H. McDonald and William Sims; and the Greenback Labor party, at San Francisco on September 6, Thomas J. McQuiddy and W. J. Sweasey, for the same offices. The election, held on November 7, 1882, resulted in the triumph of the Democrats by an average vote of about eighty-seven thousand to seventy-four thousand for the Republicans; but Stoneman for governor had ninety thousand six hundred and ninety-four to sixty-seven thousand one hundred and seventy-five for Estee, fifty-seven hundred and seventy-two for McDonald and a thousand and twenty for McQuiddy. The

Democrats elected also John R. Glasscock, William S. Rosecrans, James H. Budd, Barclay Henley and P. B. Tully as congressmen, a full set of railroad commissioners and two out of three of the state board of equalization.'

George Stoneman was born at Busti, Chautauqua county, New York, on August 8, 1822. He attended the Jamestown academy, and at the age of twenty was sent to the United States military academy at West Point, where he graduated with high honor on July 1, 1846. Upon graduation, he was promoted to the rank of brevet second-lieutenant, first dragoons, United States army, and stationed at Fort Leavenworth in Kansas. In the course of the Mexican war, he was ordered to California-to act as assistant quartermaster of the Mormon battalion-and arrived at San Diego, after a long and arduous march with a wagon-train overland, on January 30, 1847. In 1848 and 1849 he was in command of the San Francisco presidio; and he continued to serve on the Pacific coast until March, 1855. Being about that time appointed captain in the second cavalry, he reported at Jefferson barracks, Missouri, to join his company, and proceeded thence to Camp Cooper, Texas, where he performed frontier duty. In 1859, after a leave of absence of eighteen months, he resumed active service and was stationed on the Mexican boundary. At the breaking out of the war of the rebellion, being at Washington, he aided in the defense of the capital as major of the first cavalry and afterwards as a member of Major-General McClellan's staff. On August 13, 1861, he became brigadier-general of United States volunteers and chief of cavalry. He fought through the so-called peninsular campaign; in November, 1862, became major-general of volunteers, and fought in the campaign on the Rappahannock ; in 1863, for gallant and meritorious service before Fredericksburg, was made brevet-colonel in the regular army; in the early part of 1864 was in command of an infantry corps in the eastern part of Tennessee, and in March of that year promoted to the lieutenant-colonelcy of the third cavalry. On July 31, 1864, in a raid upon Macon and Andersonville, he was taken prisoner but was released in October and, resuming active warfare, rendered gallant and meritorious service in many of the fights that took 1Senate Journal, 1883, 10; Davis' Political Conventions, 431-453.

place in southwestern Virginia, eastern Tennessee and western North Carolina; for all which he was promoted to the rank, first of brevet brigadier-general and next to that of brevet majorgeneral of the United States army. As commander in that region of most important operations, he contributed materially to the triumph of the Union arms and the successful close of the war. After the surrender of the confederacy, he was engaged as commander in the military department of Tennessee and Virginia; superintended the mustering out of volunteer troops, and aided in the restoration of peace under the reconstruction acts of congress. In 1870 he was placed by President Grant in command of the department of Arizona, where he remained a year; in August, 1871, he retired from military service, and soon afterwards established his home among the orange groves of San Gabriel, Los Angeles county, California. While there, he was appointed by President Hayes a member of the board of United States Indian commissioners, and afterwards by Governor Irwin a commissioner of transportation, under the act of April 3, 1876 to regulate freights and fares and prevent extortion and discrimination on railroads. In 1879, at the first election under the new constitution, he was chosen one of the three railroad commissioners provided for by that instrument, which office he filled when he was elected governor and continued to fill up to the expiration of his term of three years.

By that time, the railroad question had assumed very great and, as was thought by many, overshadowing proportions. The Central Pacific managers, after establishing their road by the so-called central route, turned their attention to the southern route. They had already, in anticipation of building on that line and thus forestalling and preventing competition in that quarter, organized a new corporation, called the Southern Pacific Railroad Company, which was intended, either by itself or in connection. with other companies that would not interfere with its control of its own part of the line, to make a new transcontinental connection near the southern boundary of the United States. On July 27, 1866, after the organization of this Californian company, congress passed an act incorporating the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad Company, designed to run an overland road from