He more than once assisted in capturing bears, sometimes grizzlies, with lassoes alone; and, by constant out-door exercise and the avoidance of intemperance in the fashionable vices of the day, he grew to be a fine specimen of physical vigor and one of the most promising of the native Californians of Spanish blood. In 1857, at the age of twenty-six years, he was elected senator for Santa Barbara and San Luis Obispo counties and served in the legislatures of 1858 and 1859. In 1861 he was elected again to the same office and served in the legislatures of 1862 and 1863. In 1863 he was elected state treasurer for four years. In 1869 he was again chosen senator for Santa Barbara and San Luis Obispo counties and served in the session of 1869-70. In 1871 he was elected lieutenant-governor for four years; and on February 27, 1875, on the resignation of Booth, as already stated, he became governor and continued to be so until the end of that year, when William Irwin was inaugurated.

Pacheco as governor did not have much opportunity to distinguish himself or make an exhibition as to what kind of metal he was composed of. No legislature sat during the nine or ten months he held office, except the day or two previous to Irwin's inauguration in December, 1875; and no public disturbance or political climax occurred to call him out. Almost all his official occupation was confined to holding matters, as far as possible, in the condition of peace and prosperity in which he found them; in looking after the general administration of routine executive business, and in considering the numerous applications for pardon that take up a large part of every governor's time. It can not be said that he did not grant more pardons than he ought to have granted that can hardly be said of any governor of California— but, among his upwards of eighty, it is very certain that he did not pardon John J. Marks, the San Francisco harbor commissioner. Marks was convicted in April, 1875, of embezzlement and sentenced to the state prison for seven years, and it was commonly reported that he had a sufficiency of money to buy a pardon and was willing to pay as high as twenty thousand dollars for release. And it may be added that Marks, though pardoned by the next governor, was, mainly on account of Pacheco's man

ful resistance of importunities, kept in San Quentin and compelled to serve out nearly a year and a half of his seven years' term.'

It was in 1875, while Pacheco, the first native-born state governor, thus occupied the gubernatorial chair, that the order of "Native Sons of the Golden West" was organized. On June 29 of that year, in compliance with an invitation to the native-born boys of San Francisco to take part in the celebration of the Fourth of July, a number of them assembled for the purpose of making proper arrangements to parade. The coming together of such a collection of the first-fruits of the American settlement of California-a body of young men unparalleled in physical development and mental vigor and unsurpassed in pride and enthusiasm for the land that gave them birth-naturally suggested the formation of an association for mutual improvement and aid, to be composed exclusively of native sons. In accordance with this suggestion, and greatly encouraged by the success of their holiday parade-in which many of them appeared with a bear flag painted by one of their own number and in the typical costumes of the early mining days-several meetings were held; the originally proposed name of "Native Sons of the Golden State" was changed to that of "Native Sons of the Golden West;" and on Monday, July 11, 1875, an organization was perfected by the adoption of a constitution and by-laws and the election of a full set of officers, with John A. Steinback as president. Its objects were stated to be "social intercourse, mental improvement, mutual benefit and general promotion of the interests of its members;" and only males over sixteen years of age, "born in California or west of the Sierra Nevada mountains after the 7th day of July, 1846," were to be eligible.

The society, thus initiated-which almost immediately took its place as a peculiarly Californian institution by the side of the Society of California Pioneers, though differing from it in embracing a wider range and having younger blood-grew with great rapidity. In March, 1876, under the presidency of Jasper Fishbourne, it was incorporated. Though it commenced with a membership of only about a hundred, and its funds, after paying expenses, amounted to only a few hundred dollars, membership Assembly Journal, 1877-8, 65.

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and funds soon increased. In October, 1877, it suffered a loss of over a thousand dollars by the failure of the Pioneer Land and Loan Bank of Savings and Deposit, which was under the management of Joseph C. Duncan; and about the same time it was called upon to pay out two hundred dollars for the recovery and burial of the body of one of its members, who had been drowned. But its recuperative powers were remarkable. In December, 1877, on application of young men of Oakland, it organized its first branch, under the name of Oakland Parlor No. 2; and this beginning of branch organizations was soon followed by many more in different parts of California. In 1895 the order, which in the meanwhile had been steadily expanding, erected in San Francisco, on Mason between Post and Geary streets, a large and architecturally handsome building for its headquarters; and it has since advanced on the flood-tide of success to a membership of about ten thousand members and two hundred parlors.

Following in the footsteps of the Native Sons and guided by the path they had pursued, Miss Lily O. Reichling and Mrs. Tina L. Kane instituted at Jackson in Amador county, on September 25, 1886, the order of "Native Daughters of the Golden West," having in substance the same objects, spreading with like rapidity and meeting with much the same success as the Native Sons. On July 25, 1887, delegates from seventeen parlors assembled in Pioneer Hall in San Francisco; organized a Grand Parlor, and adopted a constitution and by-laws; and subsequently on June 23, 1897, the Grand Parlor was incorporated. In the ten years between the adoption of its constitution and its incorporation, the order organized ninety-nine parlors in different parts of the state; attained a membership of nearly three thousand, and expended in benefits about sixteen thousand dollars. But-as is the case also with the Native Sons-one of its main objects and in a sociological point of view the most important purpose of the Native Daughters, has been and is to awaken and nurture patriotism and keep alive and forever glowing the sacred love of California.

On December 8, 1875, two days after the meeting of the legislature of 1875-6 and the day before the inauguration of the new governor, Pacheco transmitted his message, which proved a very

creditable document. After a few words of introduction on the prosperity of the state, he congratulated the people on the fact that the outstanding debt was less than it had been for twentythree years. He proceeded to say that he would not personally be called upon to aid the legislature in their deliberations; but it was his duty to give his views on certain questions which would come before them. One of these, and a very important one, was whether the legislature should ignore, or should it define, the relations between the state and the corporations formed under its laws-whether it should assert the superior power of the one, or should it admit that of the other. "Until that practical question is settled," he continued, "there is no debatable ground upon which equities may be arrived at; and the questions of regulating freights and fares will create new and yet more virulent discord and strife. It is well understood that the scope of the power of the legislature has been made a matter of open debate; that its authority has been systematically assailed, and that the higher law of contracts, the doctrine that defines control to be confiscation, the paramount authority of the nation and government, and many other logical and exact shields to the abuse of power, have been invoked hitherto and will be again." He also thought new legislation was necessary in relation to insurance. companies, and particularly in reference to the ease with which foreign companies could withdraw and leave their creditors in substance remediless. He called attention to the very limited amount of public land still belonging to the state, and then passed to the paramount importance of irrigation—remarking how the drainage system was heavily taxed by excess of water in the winter, while in summer it was realized what untold wealth had been allowed to run to waste and be lost, and how, on account of want of system, reclamation works in one district had ruined those in an adjoining district. There was therefore great need of some general plan, which would relieve the winter drains and at the same time supply the summer canals, and which would likewise harmonize the different districts. But care should be taken, in a matter of such magnitude, that no irrigation franchises in perpetuity should be granted, none that could not at any time be regulated or, if expedient, be by equitable process retired. It

was much "better that inherent principles of justice should be recognized quictly at the outset than established awkwardly afterwards."

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He spoke hopefully of the state university; said there was nothing to prevent its being the peer of any in the world, and thought it better for Californian students to find education at home than seek it abroad. He stated that the total sum drawn from the state treasury to support and aid the university from the beginning and for its endowment for the future was upwards of a million and a half of dollars; that it had an endowment of fifty thousand dollars a year paid by the state and lands worth about three-quarters of a million, yielding an income of fortyfive thousand dollars. But this total revenue of ninety-five thousand dollars a year was less than the estimated current expenses, which were about one hundred and twenty-eight thousand dollars. As to the cause of education in general, including the common schools as well as the university, he remarked that they would draw from the treasury in the course of the next two years nearly two and a half millions of dollars, or about one-half of the revenue derived from taxation; and he regarded it a very good object for the expenditure of the public money. He declared the state capitol virtually completed and stated the total expense to have been two and a half millions of dollars. In conclusion, after some notice of other public subjects not specially important but necessary to be mentioned, he said that the fish commissioners had repeated an experiment, that had failed on account of a railroad disaster in 1873, and succeeded in bringing an aquarium car with its contents in good order across the continent. The result was that many varieties of the finest fish common in eastern waters had been planted in Californian waters, while the rivers in general had been re-stocked with salmon. And, in his opinion, the appropriation of twenty-five hundred dollars a year expended in bringing this about was trifling in comparison with the great good accomplished.2

In the introductory remarks of his message, Pacheco had spoken of the great prosperity of the state, of its successful 4 Appendix to Journals, 1875-6, 3–13.

24 Appendix to Journals, 1875-6, 13-26.