onization, and to lend a painful support to individuals attracted by gratuitous grants." Algeria is not to be "a colony, properly so called, but an Arab kingdom," and Napoleon "Emperor of the Arabs." All useless

believes that Government, which, as they see, horses and cattle, the natural cultivation of is always sending out reinforcements, pur- the soil; to the enterprise and intelligence posely conceals the losses those reinforcements of the European, the working of forests and are to supply. To intensify all these feelings mines, the introduction of improved modes by free discussion seemed to the Government of cultivation, the importation of those arts dangerous, for Frenchmen who tolerate offi- which always precede or accompany the cial corruption so easily that they have in- progress of agriculture." Algeria is to be vented the word concussion, despise it, never- India instead of Australia, with Europeans theless, with a scorn equal to that of England. as captains of labor, and not as simple laborTo suppress Jules Favre would, after the em-ers. No more Government colonists are to be peror's formal concession of liberty to the sent, the Government " ceasing to direct colmembers to discuss the address, have been a coup d'état, but what ministers could do they did. They privately prohibited all discussion upon the amendment, and publicly warned the press that the decrees passed as measures of public safety were still in force. The re-regulations are to be suppressed, all transacstrictions upon the press amounted for some tions to enjoy the most complete liberty," days to suppression, and even now the jour- and, in short, the emperor retires from the nals dare not venture to discuss M. Favre's only conquest made by the house of Orleans. remarks. The Mexican expedition, vast in Of course, he preserves his theoretical domiits object, its expenditure, and its prospective nance, and the actual control of the cities, demands, is to go on in silence, till some fine forts, and coast; but the soil is returned to morning France can be startled with the frank the Arabs; they are released from "useless” letter in which the emperor is to announce supervision, and the colonists with the boon his success, reveal his plans, and claim the of liberty" receive also the permission to gratitude of the world. Meantime, all over get along as they best can. It is as if EngFrance Government represents that Mexico land were to replace all native princes in will be the equivalent of India, that cotton, India, retaining only her suzerainty and the the want of which is now paralyzing three great Presidency towns. departments, will henceforward be an Eng- The measure is a most able one, and shows lish monopoly, that it is essential to open up how profoundly the emperor has thought out another source of supply, and that in Mexico his Mexican design. All that is worth havsoil and labor need only French energy and ing in Algeria is retained; but the new sysbrains for the cultivation of the plant. All tem will relieve the finances of at least a milindicates what M. Billault foreshadows-the lion a year, and throw all the colonizing conversion of Mexico into a vast French col- power of France in a far more practical diony, restraining the Anglo-Saxons, and domi-rection. Half a million of Frenchmen aiding nating over the Isthmus. one million of Spaniards to govern seven mil

More important, however, than even M. lions of half-castes and Indians might form a Billault's speech, is the letter addressed by most powerful colony, capable, in their horthe emperor to the Governor-General of Al-ror of slavery and under the shield of France, geria, a letter the meaning of which seems to of resisting even the Southern States. They have escaped the French as well as the Eng- might grow cotton to an extent which would lish press. Even Napoleon, with his rare re-relieve France of foreign dependence, and sources, cannot settle the world at once, and draw from the natural wealth of the counthe emigrant population has always been lim- try, the undeveloped "diggings" of Sonora, ited in France. To convert Mexico into a and the half-developed mines of Potosi, the colony it must all be directed thither, and as means of supporting a firm and stable govthe first step the emperor abandons the at-ernment. Common honesty would raise the tempt continued for thirty years to colonize Mexican revenue up to eight millions a year, Algeria. The Arabs, hunted and dispossessed, are to be restored to their lands, to settle down, if possible, as cultivators. "To the natives are assigned the breeding of

or at least as much as the South will, as a confederate power, have at its own disposal. Such a State, with such resources, seated on two oceans, and sheltered by a power no Eu

ropean will attack, might make France as to occupy every post. We succeeded in strong as England on the Pacific, a rival to forming, and then in destroying such an America on the Western Atlantic. But to army; but Spanish half-castes are not Hinbuild up such a State is an enterprise which doos, nor are Frenchmen gifted with that would tax the mightiest power on earth, an strange pride which, by keeping Englishmen enterprise even greater than the conquest of apart from all conquered races, makes them India, and to be accomplished within the life hated, but retains them in the position and of a man already fifty-five! It involves the invests them with the strength of a standing complete subjugation of Mexico, that is, army. Frenchmen are not good colonists, of an organized State rather larger than Eu- and the task, therefore, to which Napoleon rope within the Vistula, occupied partly by a leads a half-unwilling people is to conquer a race whose pride has made them brave, partly continent two thousand miles off, and then by a people so savage that the Mexicans call fill it with the one race in all Europe which in the Anglo-Saxon hunters to hold them in never willingly quits its home. If he sucpartial check. It involves the creation of a ceeds he will have changed the face, perhaps new army which shall be brave, yet indiffer- the fate, of the Western world; if he fails— ent to subjugation; disciplined, yet obedient well, failure, after all, will but cost earth a to enemies; cheap, and yet numerous enough | Napoleon.

ST. CECILIA, THE PATRONESS OF MUSIC.-Can | 1853, vol. ii. p. 746), refers, in a long note, to any one of the readers of Notes and Queries in- the tradition connected with the saint,— form me about what period St. Cecilia came to be regarded as the Patroness of Music?

The Very Rev. Dr. Husenbeth, of Cossey, in his valuable Life of Bishop Milner (Duffy, London, 1862), refers to a note in one of the earlier publications of the Bishop, entitled, An Inquiry into the Existence and Character of St. George, in which his lordship states that,―

"That she excelled in music, and that this has been deemed sufficient authority for making her the patroness of music and musicians.”

It seems that in the ancient devotional representations of St. Cecelia, both in Rome and Florence, she was not painted with any musical attributes. Much curious and valuable information "Musicians have been very fortunate in the about the saint was published by Abbe Gueranchoice of their patroness, no less than painters ger, in a work entitled L'Histoire de Sainte have been in their mode of representing her, as Cecile (Tournai, 1854). But not having the in the only passage in her ancient acts, in which volume by me, I quite forget what the writer says there is any mention of music, the Saint appears respecting the "Acts" of the Saint, and how far rather to have slighted than admired it: Can- they may be considered as authentic. I should tantibus organis, Cæcilia in corde suo decantabat; be glad to see the subject discussed in Notes and fiat, Domine, cor meum immaculatum ante," "Queries. JOHN DALTON. etc., etc.

On the other hand, Mrs. Jameson, in her Sacred and Legendary Art (vol. ii. p. 202, ed. London, 1848), quotes long passages from the Acts and Legends of the Saint, amongst which are the following words :

"As she excelled in music, she turned her gifts to the glory of God, and composed hymns, which she sang herself with such ravishing sweetness, that even the angels descended from heaven to listen to her," etc.

Again,

"She played on all instruments, but none sufficed to breathe forth that flood of harmony with which her whole soul was filled; therefore she invented the organ, consecrating it to the service of God."

Sir John Hawkins, in his General History of the Science and Practice of Music (ed. London,

-Notes and Queries.

No. 981.-21 March, 1863.

CONTENTS:

1. Turner's Liber Studiorum, 2. Love in a Diving-Bell,

3. The Seas and Snows in Mars,

4. Science and Arts for January,

5. Wedgwood's English Etymology,

6. A Female Ragged School in Egypt,

7. Bohn's Bibliographer's Manual,

8. The Archives of the Vatican,

9. The Capital of the Tycoon,

10. The Unholy Alliance-Prussia and Russia, 11. Hugh Miller's Tales,

12. The Worldly Wisdom of Bacon,

14. Practical Young Ladies,

13. Marshal Ney's last Speech,

15. The Body of John Hampden,

Notes and Queries,

567

569

16. Wooings and Weddings of the Princes of Wales, St. James's Magazine,

POETRY.-Night on the Lagunes, 530. A Greeting to the "George Griswold," 530. • Happy Old Age, 576. The Old Vagrant, 576.

SHORT ARTICLES.-Without Salt, 533. Dr. John Brown, 536. A Backwoods Sermon, 546. Revival of Spain, 549. Product of Petroleum in Pennsylvania, 549. Attempts to Trade with our Soldiers, 552. Japanese Oddities, 552.

Preparing for publication at this office: 1. Mrs. Clifford's Marriage. 2. The Trials of the Tredgolds.

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NIGHT ON THE LAGUNES.

ALONG the still lagoon,

While lutes and lips in tune,

Mingle around-come, gondolier, and oar us to the moon.

Forth from this shadowy arc,

Stretched in our lamp-lit barque,

In festal silence let us float, soft through the summer dark;

Through streets based on the brine,

Mid droops of Syrian vine

One tome of Tasso open, and one flask of Cypress wine :

Now float we underneath

Some palace hushed as death,

Its marbles creased in wrinkles by the hot sirocco's breath;

Now through the shadow rare

Of lofty column fair;

Now by grave hooded porticoes around the silent

A GREETING TO THE "GEORGE GRIS
WOLD."

(The Ship which bore to the Mersey the Contributions
of the United States to the relief of Lancashire.)
BEFORE thy stem smooth seas were curled,
Soft winds, thy sails did move,

Good ship, that from the Western world
Bore freight of brothers' love.

"Twixt starving here and striving there
When wrath flies to and fro,

Till all seems hatred everywhere,
How fair thy white wings show!

O'er the great seas thy keel plowed through
Good ships have borne the chain
That should have knit old world and new
Across the weltering main.

The chain was borne-one kindly wave
Of speech pulsed through its coil;
Then dumb and dead in ocean's grave
Lay hope and cost and toil.

But thou, good ship, a gain hast brought
O'er these wide waves of blue,
The chain of kindly word and thought
To link those worlds anew.

-Punch, 21 Feb.