cupancy, perhaps by the descendants of palæolithic man, have been found by Mr. Hilborn T. Cresson, in traces of pile-structures in the alluvial deposits at Naaman's Creek, in Delaware. At two of the structures, or "stations," only argillite implements were found, many as rude as some of the paleolithic types, with a large number of long, slender spear-points of that material. In a third station, these forms are mixed with implements of quartz, jasper, and other silicious material, with traces of rude pottery. All these discoveries, according to Prof. Putnam, show that man had occupied a portion of North America, from the Mississippi river to the Atlantic Ocean, at a time when the northern part of the United States was covered with ice, and that at that early period he must have been contemporaneous with the mastodon and mammoth. "When we compare the facts now known from the eastern side of the continent," Prof. Putnam continues, "with those of the western side, they seem to force us to accept a far longer occupation by man of the western coast than of the eastern; for not only on the western side of the continent have his remains been found in zoological beds unquestionably earlier than the gravels of the Mississippi, Ohio, and Delaware valleys, but he had at that time reached a degree of development equal to that of the inhabitants of California at the time of European contact, so far as the character of the stone mortars, chipped and polished stone implements, and shell-beads found in the auriferous gravels can tell the story."

The Construction of a Mound.-A careful examination has been made by Mr. Gerard Fowke of one of the mounds in Pike County, Ohio, in order to ascertain the exact method of its construction. The presence of holes showing traces in the shape of the dark mold resulting from the decay of wood of its having contained posts, and arranged in a regular order, indicated that the mound was built upon the site of a house. A trench had been dug outside of the house, possibly for drainage. Near the middle of the house, which measured about forty feet from side to side, there had been a large fire, from which the ashes had been removed to an ash-bed, which was elliptical, and measured thirteen feet from east to west and five feet from north to south. Near the center of it was a hole a foot deep and ten inches across, filled with clean white ashes, in which was a little charcoal packed very hard. At one end of the ash-bed, and continuous with it, though not apparently a part of it, was a mass of burned animal bones, in equal pieces, ashes, and charcoal. After the fire had burned down, a grave had been dug at the middle of the house, ten feet long from east to west, a little more than six feet broad, and fourteen inches deep, having straight sides slanting inward, with rounded corners. Ashes had been thinly sprinkled on the bottom and a single thickness of bark laid

upon them, while the sides had been lined with wood or bark from two to four inches thick. Two bodies had been placed side by side in the grave, both extended at full length on their backs with their heads directly west. The space within the grave on one side of the skeletons had been covered with ashes that had been removed from the fire, the thickness of the deposit increasing from a mere streak at the feet to six inches at the head, and extending across the grave nearly in contact with the companion head. The earth removed from the grave was thrown around on every side so as to leave the bodies in a hole nearly two feet deep. No trace appears of any protecting material having been laid over the bodies. They were covered with a black, sandy earth, which had been packed so firmly that it required a pick to loosen it, reached beyond the grave on every side, and was about five and a half feet high. No remains were found in the mound above the grave of the posts which had probably once stood there. The author assumes that the great fire near the middle of the house had been made from the timbers composing it; that the upper timbers had been torn down, and the posts cut off at the surface. For the purpose of covering the grave, sand was brought from a ridge a short distance away. There was no stratification. Earth had been piled up first around the black mass, forming the grave-mound, and then different parties had deposited their loads at convenient places, until the mound assumed its final conical arrangement. The lenticular masses through almost the whole mound showed that the earth had been carried in skins or small baskets. The completed mound was thirteen feet high and about one hundred feet in diameter. Three other skeletons were found within it, two on the original surface of the ground, and one two feet and a half above it. The bones were covered with a dull-red substance, showing a waxy texture under the knife-blade, from which it is supposed that the flesh was removed before burial. No relics were found with any of the skeletons.

The Great Serpent Mound.-With the aid of a committee of ladies of Boston, who secured subscriptions for the purpose of nearly $6,000, Prof. Putnam, of the Peabody Museum of Archæology, purchased for that institution, in June, 1887, sixty acres of ground, including the "Great Serpent Mound," in Adams County, Ohio, and it was converted into an inclosed park. The mound was restored, so far as was practicable, by replacing the earth and other material that had been plowed or washed or carried away. Trees foreign to the spot are to be removed, and replaced with those that are indigenous, so as to make the park an arboretum of native trees. As described by Prof. Putnam, in the American Association of 1888, the length of the serpent from tip to tip is about 1,000 feet, and the length, including convolutions, 1,415 feet. The builders appear to

have leveled a ledge of rock before constructing the embankment. Frequent fires seem to have burned during the construction; and in one place so many people had been gathered that the clay was beaten like a floor. The spot has since become covered by a foot of soil. In the center of the elliptical mound that formed the reptile's head was once a pile of stones that had been brought up from the creek; they had been blackened by long-continued fires. No sign was observed that the serpentine embankment was ever used for burial purposes, but an oval mound was found near by in which nine skeletons were discovered-one of them so near the surface that a plow had broken down the stones that formed the coffin and carried away a part of the pelvis. Seven feet below the surface, and lying transversely under the first skeleton, was another resting on a stone floor, over which huge stones had been so piled that the bones were crushed almost to dust. Underneath the stone floor was a stratum several feet thick of black ashes, evidently of burned corn, in which lay a skeleton over six feet in length and of massive proportions.

Origin of the Ohio Mounds.-The evidence obtained through the explorations of the United States Bureau of Ethnology are regarded by Dr. Cyrus Thomas as indicating that the typical ancient works in Ohio-the circles and squares, and other works of that type, together with the mounds pertaining to them, or appearing to be built by the same peoplewere constructed by the ancestors of the Cherokees. Another class of structures-walls, inclosures, and defensive works in the northern part of the State, and also in eastern Michigan -are attributed to some branch of the Iroquois or Huron-Iroquois stock; the box-shaped stone graves, to the Delawares and Shawnees. Certain stone mounds and mounds containing stone vaults or graves of a peculiar type, indicating "a savage life, and fierce warfare with beasts of prey," are difficult to account for, and are probably the work of a tribe that has become extinct. The effigy-mounds, of which only a few are known in Ohio, but which are compared with similar works in Wisconsin and with the bird-effigies of Georgia, also present a problem difficult to solve." Fortifications of the type of which Fort Ancient is an example are attributed to the Cherokees; while the work named presents some indications of the influence of the white man. "Omitting the last from the list," says Dr. Thomas, "there remains clear and satisfactory evidence that the ancient works of the State are due to at least six different tribes."

The Rev. S. D. Peet finds in some peculiar features of the earth-works of the Scioto valley, evidences of the existence of a clan-system among the builders. Among these features is the formation in circles and squares of areas varying from twenty-seven to fifty acres. Such works are generally regarded as village-sites, and are accompanied by fortifications and signal

mounds on the neighboring hills, with covered or walled ways to the river-bank. In some cases there are graded roads through the terraces to the inclosures, as at Newark, Piketon, and Marietta. The villages are situated at intervals, showing that the people dwelt in different centers, and there are very few works between these centers.

Against the supposition that the moundbuilders of these villages were the Cherokees, Dr. Peet argues that these works are entirely different from those found in Tennessee, southern Kentucky, and northern Georgia, the habitat of the Cherokees in historic times; and the relics found in the Cherokee country differ from those in the Ohio mounds. The works in the Cherokee country are large rectangular inclosures without circles, while many of the pipes called duck - pipes are found there. There are very few pipes with curved stems, and none of the variety of sculptured animal figures seen on the Ohio pipes; and no effigies of any kind, which are common in Ohio, and more common in Wisconsin, are to be seen in Tennessee.

Preservation of Ancient Monuments.-The committee of the American Association for the Advancement of Science for the preservation of archæological remains on public lands reported to the Buffalo meeting of the Association that it would be well if the following remains of early America could be preserved Chaco Cañon, from the forks of Escavoda Cañon, for a distance of eight miles up, also one mile back from the brink of the cañon walls on each side; Cañon de Chelly, Cañon del Muerto, Walnut Cañon, the ruin on Fossil creek on the east branch of the Rio Verde and about fifteen miles south of Camp Verde military reservation; the ruin in Mancos Cañon, the round towers situated on the flat valleys of the lower Mancos; the cavate lodges in the cinder-cone about eight miles east of Flagstaff, Arizona Territory. Besides these groups of ruins and dwellings, there are isolated remains in the territories of New Mexico, Arizona, and Utah, numbering over forty, which demand preservation. The Pueblos, which are not in treaty reservations or grants, and the old Mandan and Arickaree village on the Fort Berthold Indian reservation, Dakota Territory, to be preserved when they shall cease to be inhabited by Indians.

The committee has caused a bill to be introduced in Congress providing for a reservation in New Mexico for the purpose of archæological study.

Peruvian. A Peruvian object, of a unique character and hitherto undescribed, in the Ethnographical Museum of the Trocadero, in Paris, has been brought to notice by Dr Verneau in "La Nature." It is a hollowed cylinder, of a substance resembling bronze, bearing various ornaments upon its circumference and its upper rim, and measuring sixty millimetres in length and twenty-five millimetres in interior

diameter. It is marked on the outside by two parallel series of double spirals running in the general direction of its length in such a manner as to form four figures resembling the letter S. Twelve rings, solid with the vessel itself, are evenly disposed in rows of four. Those of the first row are exactly above those of the third, while those of the second row occupy an intermediate position. Movable rings, having spherical swellings in the lower part, are hung upon the fixed rings of the upper row in such a way that they strike the

TINTINNABULUM FOUND IN PERU.

vessel when it is shaken. On the flat rim at the top of the vessel are two groups of two human figures each, facing each other, and representing the same scene. In each of them a repulsive-looking man stands in the attitude of being about to strike with his hatchet a second personage, whom he is holding down. The features and appearance of the four figures and the hatchets bear a distinctly Peruvian stamp. The relic is supposed to be a tintinnabulum, or little bell, like those borne on the ends of staffs by Buddhist mendicants in the East, with which they seek to attract the attention of persons from whom they ask alms. England. The British Act for the Preservation of Ancient Monuments has been in force for five years; but, according to Lieut.-Gen. Pitt-Rivers, who is intrusted with its administration, only one owner has voluntarily offered any monument to be put under it. All had to be sought out and asked to accept the act, and

the larger number of the owners of scheduled monuments refused. Those who refused generally did so, however, on the ground that they wished to remain responsible for their own monuments; and very little damage to prehistoric works is going on at present. Public opinion has done more for their preservation than any act of Parliament could do. Old Roman Wall of London.-A part of the old Roman wall of London has been discovered under the site that has been obtained for the new North Post-Office. The upper part of the wall only was broken down, while the rest is in almost perfect condition, with its masonry sharp and true. One hundred feet of the structure have been cleared and exposed to view. It is constructed with facing-courses of stoneReigate or "rag"-with red tile, and grouted core. A fragment of a similar structure of genuine Roman work also exists, or did exist, in the cellars on Tower Hill.

Old Roman Baths at Bath.-Traces of the old Roman baths at Bath were first noticed in 1755. Further discoveries of remains were made in 1871. The properties covering the ruins were obtained by the corporation of Bath, and some of the works were opened to public view in 1883. One of the most important of them is 81 feet long and 38 feet wide, and is situated in the center of a hall 110 feet long and 68 feet 6 inches wide, which was formerly roofed with a vault supported by pilasters and arches, and is divided into three aisles, the middle one of which covered the bath. The pedestals and lower parts of some of the pilasters are still standing, and the steps going down into the bath are well preserved. Behind the pilasters, in the side-aisles, which were decorated with sculpture, was a promenade gallery. The floor of this hall was twenty feet below the level of the neighboring modern street. Another spacious apartment had two sudatories, or sweating-rooms, with a fireplace between them and flues to heat them. The circular bath, which is shown in the illustration, has been discovered recently. It appears to have been once lined with lead. These structures were an object of special attention to the British Association, which met in Bath, in September, 1888, and the members of that body devoted an afternoon to visiting and inspecting them. The members assembled around the great oval bath and in it, while the mayor of the city gave an account of the work of opening up the ruins, their character, and the degree of Roman civilization of which they gave evidence. After the Romans left Britain, the baths seem to have been allowed to fall into ruins, for a teal's egg had been found in them, and the common bracken had sprung up. New baths have been built upon the foundations of some of these structures.

Celtic Earthworks in Hampshire.-As many as forty Celtic earth works are described by Mr. T. W. Shore as remaining in Hampshire, England, in a state of preservation more or less

complete. They are of various kinds and shapes, and where they inclose areas and form the so-called camps they are of very different dimensions. Most of them are hill-fortresses, but there are also marsh and peninsular fortresses, and one example exists of a small former insular refuge. The present surroundings of these earthworks are of service in assisting to determine their original uses, for, although the woodland features may have changed, the geological conditions are the same as in Celtic times. The camps could hardly have been permanently inhabited sites, for few traces of dwellings or articles of domestic use have been found within them, and from these and other circumstances they appear to have been strongholds for defense in case of attack. If this is allowed, then these areas must have had a distinct relationship to the number of people required for their defense and to the population and their capital or the number of cattle they were intended to shelter. With these data we may draw approximately accurate inferences respecting the

type, such as have been found on the Alban mountains under two strata of volcanic deposits, and which, with the well-tombs, are characteristic features at Corneto (or Tarquinia). The urns are vessels of the rudest forms of pottery, hand-made and half-baked; and with them in one of the well tombs at Corneto were found bronze helmets of most skillful fabric and swords of bronze or iron; and in some of the tombs copies of the helmets in clay, made for covers to the round urns, a use to which the original helmets seem to have been put

location and density of the Celtic population at the time of their construction.

Roman. In the course of the excavations of the German Institute in the Forum, adjoining the temple of Julius, foundations solidly and well built in travertine have been discovered, which Prof. Richter has identified with the Arch of Augustus. The arch appears to have been one of three piers, like the arches of Severus and Constantine, the middle passage being fourteen feet wide.

Remains of an Archaic Civilization.-Excavations have been made at the site of the ancient Sybaris for the sake of recovering the ruins of the Grecian city that was destroyed five centuries before Christ. Ruins attributable to such a city have not yet been found, but a necropolis has been discovered in the neighborhood which indicates that there existed there previous to the Greek period a more ancient city, the remains of which bear evidence of an archaic civilization precisely corresponding with that, specimens of which have been found at Vetulonia, Civita Castellana, Corneto, and various points in other parts of the peninsula, and in some details with the finds in the lacustrine deposits of the northern provinces. Among the most striking specimens of ancient archaic art, are the cinerary urns of the hut

after the death of their owner. In the same necropolis with these are found the "corridor" tombs and "chambers," the latest and best known form of the Etruscan tomb, the paintings on some of which at Corneto form a series coming down to Roman times. Conflicting views have been expressed concerning the origin of these objects. Helbig believes that they are all Etruscan, and represent only different phases of Etruscan civilization; and while to a certain extent there were overlappings in the method of disposing of the dead, there was in no case a break, such as would be caused by the intrusion of a strange race introducing new arts. The bronze arms and implements he considers of Phoenician and Carthaginian origin, of date not earlier than 900 B. c., or about the period of the entry of the Etruscans into Italy. Their identity with the relics found at Sybaris, which the Etruscans did not reach, and with articles in the lake-dwellings, which are supposed to be of much earlier date, are cited as militating against this view. Fiorelli and some other Italian archæologists maintain that they are relics of a primitive Italic civilization anterior to the Etruscan, and cite the community of the articles from such widely separated localities in support of their view. Gamurrini would identify them with a Pelasgic civilization.

A Ruined Bath.—A bath has been opened at Ostia, under the direction of Prof. Lanciani, which seems to have been struck by some disasterperhaps an earthquake-while in full use, and to have been completely buried. The statues found there are broken as if by a fall on them of the masonry from above, and have been split vertically, while the fragments have been scattered to some distance from their bases.

Situlæ, or Lot-Vases.-Excavations at various places in Upper Italy have brought to light a number of vessels of the class called situlæ (or vases for the purpose of the lot), bearing peculiar decorations. One found at the Villa Benvenuti, near Este, is 12 inches high, and is composed of two plates of bronze riveted together. It widens from the base in a curved shape to near the top, and terminates in a restricted neck and overhanging lip. Elaborate decorations are worked in three zones, toward the upper part of the vessel. A specimen from the tombs at the Certosa Bologna, is decorated in four zones, the lowest of which is composed of animals natural and winged, and the others are occupied respectively with military, religious, and pastoral subjects. Another situla at Bologna has three zones. Bronze specimens of allied character with these have been found at Castelvetro, Modena, and in Tyrol, but the more important specimens are from Cisalpine Gaul, or the immediately adjacent territory. The date of these works is uncertain, but Italian archæologists assign them to the latter half of the fifth century before Christ. Greece. The Hellenic Society.-The Hellenic Society (London) has been active in connection with schemes of exploration, among which were the organization of the excavations undertaken in Cyprus, to be carried out by the director and students of the British School at Athens, and assistance to explorations in Asia Minor, which were conducted by Prof. Ramsay and Mr. Theodore Bent. Accounts of the work in which it had a part were given in the "Journal of Hellenic Discoveries." Special mention was made, in the report of the discoveries on the Acropolis at Athens, of the excavation by the German Institute of a temple of the Kabeiroi near Thebes; and of the excavations of the American School at Dionusos, to the northeast of Pentelicus, which had been identified as the center of worship of the deme of Icaria. Foundations of two shrines, of Apollo and of Dionysus, had been found, and some sculptured remains of high importance.

Discoveries in the Acropolis at Athens.-Among the objects disclosed by the excavations on the Acropolis is a head, one of the most ancient sculptures ever found upon that site, carved in Poros stone, and retaining a rich and brilliant coloring. The hair and beard are painted blue and the face red; and the pupils of the eyes are delineated with the chisel as well as painted in. The head appears to be that of a triton, the rest of the body of which, in the form of a serpent ending in the tail of a fish, was found

near the same place. At a later date were found a leaden vessel, quite shapeless through oxidation, and a portion of the torso of a statue of Hercules in Poros stone, half life-size.

Mr. Carl D. Buck, of the American School at Athens, has described in the "American Journal of Archæology" certain inscriptions, found on the Acropolis in December, 1887, of the fourth century before Christ, which record the dedication of vessels-apparently by freedmen who had been acquitted of the charge of violating the conditions of their emancipation.

Excavations at Sicyon. The excavations carried on by the American School of Classical Studies on the site of ancient Sicyon in December, 1887, and January, 1888, were made mostly in the theatre. The orchestra was laid bare, and work was done in other parts of the building. Two drains were found. The sculptures include a marble hand grasping what might be the hilt of a sword, being a fragment of a statue of which no other part has been discovered; and a marble head and the torso to which it belongs, separated, appertaining to a statue representing a Dionysus "of youthful and girlish aspect" which was thought to belong to the Alexandrian epoch. This statue is the first considerable example of Sicyonian sculpture found on the old site. The main portion of the orchestra, like the theatre at Epidaurus, has no flooring other than hard earth. About thirty copper coins were found, part of them Sicyonian, and the remainder Roman. An inscription found in a village near the site consists of seven names, one of which contains the old Sicyonian form of Σ (x). Its date may possibly be as early as 450 B. c.

Icaria. In the course of the investigations begun by the American School at Icaria, the Pythian or Temple of Apollo was discovered, with a relief representing Apollo with long curls seated on the omphalos, holding a mass of twigs in one hand, and a patera in the other. Behind him stands a woman, while in front is an altar with an adorant. Another relief represents Apollo playing on the lyre. A large platform of marble, a marble-seat, some bases, and two walls, one of which makes a curve as if it might inclose the dancing-ground of a theatre, were also found.

Discoveries at Cephissus and Dionysos.-In their excavations at Cephissus, the American School discovered the head of a colossal male statue, a basso rilievo representing a warrior, a torso of a statue without a head, and many inscriptions.

Investigations at the spot known as Dionysos have brought to light fragments of draped statues of an archaic epoch supposed to belong to Dionysus; the torso of an undraped statue; the bearded head of a man, also attributed to Dionysus and referred to the sixth century, before Christ; and a headless stela, like the stela of Aristion which is to be seen in Athens. Many of these objects were found in the walls of a half-ruined chapel standing on the spot