will be rewarded with curses. When Napoleon was a prisoner on St. Helena, he wore his sword "merely as an ornamental sidearm." It is said that when the officer in command of the British forces there demanded of him the surrender of his sword, he refused, and that "all Europe rang with the insult and outrage." The English Government had respect to "the dignity of their illustrious prisoner and of the feeling of outrage in all Europe, and the order was withdrawn?" "How different the conduct of our Government toward a prisoner scarcely less eminent than the great Corsican!" England was magnanimous. She could afford to be. The United States Government could have been magnanimous, and should have been, but it was, instead, petty and spiteful and vindictive and cruel. The conduct of England toward her illustrious prisoner is honored and magnified to-day and will be for all time. The conduct of the United States toward her illustrious prisoner is censured and denounced to-day and will be for all time. As the glory of England for this generous deed will never fade, so the stain upon our civilization will never be erased. "Here was a man who a few short weeks before was the acknowledged ruler of six millions of people : with immense armies at his command; with cabinet officers, ambassadors, and a staff of devoted adherents; filling a foremost place in history, the world ringing with his deeds and in sympathy with his hopes; he who had founded an empire and maintined it through a war more formidable than any of modern times a man thus eminent and conspicuous, cast into a dungeon and shackled like any common felon! There is indeed in history little to parallel it, and the indignity intended as a humiliation to Jefferson Davis, has reacted and become our own burning shame."

As with all Europe in the case of Napoleon so the people of the United States, denounced the act of Johnson, Stanton, Dana, and Miles in the most bitter terms. They expected sympathy, but received censure. They expected their act of shame to be received with enthusiasm, but "cruelty is not a characteristic of the American." When they learned that the shackles on Davis had "excited sympathy and indignation instead of applause," they became alarmed; and on the 28th day of May, just five days

after irons had been placed on the ankles of Davis, the Secretary of War telegraphed Gen. Miles from Washington:

"Please report whether shackles have been or have not been placed on Jefferson Davis......If they have been, when was it done, and for what reason, and remove them." (121 War of Rebellion 577).

This dispatch implies that Stanton did not know that Davis was shackled; and hence that he did not order it. It is both a command and a rebuke.

Gen. Miles' reply is is characteristic. It is as follows:

"I have the honor to state in reply to your dispatch that when Jefferson Davis was first confined in the casemate the inner doors were light and wooden ones without locks. I directed anklets to be put upon his ankles which would not interfere with his walking, but would prevent his running, should he endeavor to escape. In the meantime I have changed the wooden doors for grated ones with locks, and the anklets have been removed. Every care is taken to avoid any pretence for complaint, as well as to prevent the possibility of escape." (121 War of Rebellion 577).

Both these dispatches were in reply to an indignant public, North as well as South. Be it known that the shackles were not removed until the very day (May 28) on which he was ordered to remove them. We thus learn what is meant by "in the meantime."

In the diary of Dr. J. J. Craven, as given in his "The Prison Life of Jefferson Davis," page 62, we find the following:

"Sunday, May 28-At 11 A. M. This morning was sitting on the porch in front of my quarters when Capt. Frederick Korte, 3rd Pennsylvania Artillery, who was officer of the day, passed toward the cell of the prison, followed by the blacksmith. This told the story, and sent a pleasant professional thrill of pride through my veins. It was a vindication of my theory that the healing art is only next in sacredness and power to that of the healers of the soul-an instance of the doctrinal toga forming a shield for suffering humanity which none were too exalted or powerful to disregard. I hastily followed the party, but remained in the outer guard-room while the smith removed

the shackles. Did not let Mr. Davis see me then, but retired, thinking it better the prisoner should be left alone in the first moments of regaining so much of his personal freedom."

Dr. Craven had interceded with Gen. Miles in behalf of Mr. Davis and was exultant because he thought his intercessions had prevailed. He did not then know of the telegram Gen. Miles had that very day received.

On page 48 we find another entry antedating this in Dr. Craven's diary as follows: "Told him to spend as little time as he could in bed; that exercise was the best medicine for dispeptic patients. To this he answered by uncovering the blankets from his feet and showing me his shackled ankles. 'It is impossible for me, Doctor; I cannot even stand erect. These shackles are very heavy, I know not with the chain how many pounds. If I try to move they trip me and have already abraded broad patches of skin from the parts they touch. Can you

devise some means to pad or cushion them, so that when I try to drag them along they may not chafe me so intolerably? My limbs have so little flesh on them, and that so weak, as to be easily lacerated.'

"At sight of this I turned away, promising to see what could be done, as exercise was the chief medical necessity in his case, and at this moment my first thrill of sympathy for my patient was experienced."

Here is an officer of the United States army, holding a commission that entitles him to be honored in all parts of the civilized world. Yet his zeal in bitterness and hatred toward a distinguished prisoner has compromised his intergrity and committed him to falsehood. Dana had said, "The arrangements for the security of the prisoners seem to me as complete as could be desired." Dr. Craven had said, "The heavy doors clanged behind them" Miles said, "The doors are light." Miles was writing in self-defense; Dana and Craven were not. Dana had said the doors were secured by bars on the outside; Miles said "the doors were without locks,' adding nothing about their being secured by bars fastened on the outside. From Dana and Craven we learn that never were prisoners more securely guarded—confined in a cell within a cell, constantly under the eyes of two trusty

sentinels, and every fifteen minutes inspected by a commissioned officer, with soldiers quartered, all the time, in contiguous cells on both sides of him, shut in by the very thick walls of the strongest fort in the Continent, and line after line of guards inside and outside. Yet, Gen. Miles said, "I directed anklets to be put upon his ankles, which would not interfere with his walking, but would interfere with his running, should he endeavor to escape."

Had Davis been an athlete in the prime of life, in the best possible condition,-as active as a tiger, and as strong as a lion,none knew better than Gen. Miles that shackles would not have been necessary. On the contrary, Miles knew him to have been a physical wreck. Not only did he know that, in the truest sense, but was also unwilling. Yet never Davis was unable to run, was the most vicious wild beast, fresh from the jungles, half so securely guarded.

"Anklets!" what are they? Shackles "five-eights of an inch thick, with chain of the same thickness!" Anklets that "would not interfere with his walking!" Whom shall we believe, Dr. Craven and Davis, or Miles? The most fitting anklet for a character of Davis' type would have been his honor. To have put him upon his honor would have been to have placed upon his limbs the strongest anklet in the world. His honor would also have been the safest guard that could have been placed around him. Old Fortress Monroe, with all her more than 370 guns, and all the chivalry that stood behind them, would not have been as strong a guard as his simple word of honor. But of a safe guard like this, Miles, and Dana and Stanton were ig norant till an indignant public protest aroused them to their

senses.

When Miles shackled Davis for five days he shackled himself for all time. When he penned that dispatch in self-defense he wrote his everlasting condemnation. No living mortal believes him not even excepting himself.

CHAPTER XXXVII.

THE IMPRISONMENT OF DAVIS (Continued).

In 1866 Mr. Doolady, publisher, 448 Broome Street, New York, published "Life and Military Career of Stonewall Jackson," from authentic sources. From this book we copy the following, saying in advance that all italics are ours. We do this becuase it is authentic and concise.

"The health of Mr. Davis was now failing rapidly. Suffering greatly from neuralgic disorders and other various affections, greatly reduced in system, without appetite, unable on account of his shackles to take exercise, supplied with coarse rations and refused even a knife and fork, without books, pen, paper or even a pencil, incessantly watched by two sentinels, who night and day paced his cell; thus depriving him of even so poor a boon as solitude and silence, the health of the unfortunate prisoner failed rapidly, and would soon have succumbed entirely to the inhuman treatment to which he was subjected, had not Dr. Craven actively interested himself in his behalf and procured the removal of the shackles, and some changes in his rations. But still the prisoner was a great sufferer, his nights were sleepless; he was without appetite; the incessant pacing night and day, of the ever present guards, acted upon his nervous system and tormented him almost into insanity.

"Referring once to the severity of his treatment, Mr. Davis said to Dr. Craven: 'Humanity supposes every man innocent until the reverse shall be proven; and the laws guarantee certain privileges to persons held for trial. To hold me for trial, under all the rigors of a condemned convict, is not warranted by law is revolting to the spirit of justice. In the political history of the world, there is no parallel to my treatment. England and the despotic governments of Europe have beheaded men accused of treason; but even after their conviction no such efforts as in my case have been made to degrade them. Apart, however, from personal treatment, let us see how this matter stands:

"If the real purpose in the matter be to test the question of