by General Eyre. Colonel Peard, "Garibaldi's Englishman," has also, in a speech to his friends in Cornwall, given similar advice to the Volunteers, suggesting that they should guard the passes by four, sixes, and dozens:especially good advice, since we shall probably have very different opponents to those who fled before Garibaldi.

It is, however, rather too much to say that "the 150,000 Volunteers have stifled ambition in the breast of foreign rulers." The political state of Europe flagrantly proves the contrary. Not a single act of the drama has been left out "by particular desire" on our part; and it is quite impossible to see anywhere the indications of the intimidation imputed, but quite the reverse. There are those who have eyes, and see not; and there is "an amusing story called Eyes and No Eyes;' one person who saw everything, and the other, who made the same tour, saw nothing; but the one who saw was right, for the things he saw were there, and the things which the other man did not see were not the less in existence."* These words are like the words of Solomon let not the utterance be like that of Cassandra-condemned to disbelief by the doomed infatuation of her hearers! Indeed, they say on the Continent that the volunteer movement was an anachronism. When such a movement took place in the height of our old glorious war, it was a magnificent indication of the national will, that our fathers were ready not only with their money, but also with their bodies, to support our armies in the glorious struggle. But now, say the French officers, your volunteer movement in a time of peace only tends to depreciate the regular forces in the national estimate-to make the people think them useless, too costly, to grudge their expenditure, and therefore to neglect their condition and obstruct their improvement.

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May events prove the contrary, for the sake of Old England, whom we must transmit to posterity as she was given to us by our fathers. Woe to us if, on the day of struggle, our Army and Militia be not in the highest state of efficiency-well trained, well equipped, and armed with a weapon in which they may confide, to add new names to the glorious long catalogue now emblazoning their standards.

*Lord Palmerston, in a recent debate, referring to the naval preparations of France-Times, July 27, 1861-said, There seems to be somewhat of infatuation in this construction of iron ships. It is more than probable that a 100-pounder Armstrong will smash through any of them; but, if not a 100-pounder, why not make 200-pounders, nay, even 500 or 1000-pounders? which would be far less costly than these ruinous experimental ships, for they are unquestionably only experimental. As on land, so on the water, rapidity of motion will decide naval battles; we shall need fast ships and the heaviest ordnance, with the utmost skill in the handling of both.

A similar remark applies to breech-loaders. In the hands of the picked men I have ventured to hope for, they will be most desirable; otherwise, they will only be the means of trebling the waste of ammunition, already prodigious, as shown in a previous page. We can now fire three rounds a minute-more than enough for the great mass of armies in battle. It is obvious, however, that the light cavalry should have breech-loaders, and be trained to act as skirmishers, after the new French method, which I hope to explain in a subsequent paper.

By Lt.-Col. H. GARNET MAN (late Royal Military College).

It does not appear that the ancients were acquainted with the use and advantage of maps up to the time of Anaximander, or about two thousand two hundred years since; and Ptolemy, who flourished in the first century of the Christian era, was the first who used meridians and parallels of latitude. The early maps were chiefly compiled from the itineraries of the Roman and other armies; and we are much indebted to the army and navy of different civilised nations in every period for the materials from which maps have been constructed.

The art of exhibiting the irregular surface of the earth upon these maps when their scale will admit of it, is of very modern date, and upon it hinges, in a great degree, the tactics of modern war.

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A General now possesses an immense advantage over the heroes of antiquity from the facilities of gaining a picture of the country which is the theatre of war, or any part of it that may be necessary, upon the spur the moment; these pictures are drawn by persons appointed for the express purpose, and, indeed, it were useless to insist upon the utility of an art now becoming more generally known and of such acknowledged importance.

I have, in this Paper, made large extracts from a work published many years ago by Mr. Buor, Professor of Military Drawing at the Royal Military College; a work I consider to be one of the best on this subject.-G. MAN. 2 E

VOL. V.

But there are many others to whom the art, in all its variety, is of equal importance in their several capacities; to civil engineers, geologists, gentlemen of landed property, and others, for conveying information generally of the natural face of a country. These are the advantages of modern over the ancient maps, which, besides their rudeness and inaccuracy, were only lineal, or consisting of roads, rivers, boundaries, &c.

It is curious and interesting to observe how, from the rudest beginning, the moderns have raised the art of representing ground, a word commonly used to express that part of a map or plan which is shaded so as to give an idea of the hills. The little elevated molehills which anciently, and even a few years since, and still in some few instances, fill up the spaces between the rivers on maps, have, by degrees, been blended together and formed into regular chains of heights, their magnitude and steepness being estimated by the breadth and intensity of their shade; and the geographer has borrowed from time to time ideas from the military draughtsman, until the irregular face of a country is now given in a general manner, more agreeably to its natural aspect than it was formerly. Hitherto, however, this improvement in maps, although of such general advantage, has been chiefly confined to those intended for military purposes. The establishment at the Tower of London was the first of its kind, and many plans upon these principles were there collected; in some, as old as the beginning of the last century, a great variety of styles and traces of an enlarged understanding of the subject might be seen, according to the merit of the individuals by whom they were drawn; many attempts to imitate nature as seen from a point above, or according to the orthographical projection, reflect great credit upon their authors, considering the low state of watercolour drawing in this country at the time they were drawn. On the continent great importance has ever been attached to this kind of drawing; but, until within a few years, the Tower establishment and the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich contained almost exclusively the only persons who in this country were qualified for such an undertaking.

The Ordnance Survey of Great Britain and Ireland, which is perhaps the best ever undertaken, with its adjuncts under Colonel Colby, opened a grand field for the acquirement of topographical knowledge; and the Royal Military College at Sandhurst has become a school in which such knowledge has been much cultivated. From these sources, as might be expected, the British Army is now well provided with persons who possess the necessary talent for supplying it with the most interesting documents of the kind that can be desired; and to make this species of drawing more generally known every line of life where it can be useful, is a great desideratum.

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Military Sketches.

Despatch and simplicity of execution are the great things to be aimed at in a military sketch, and, although the greatest possible accuracy may not be absolutely necessary, yet this want of it should not become a cloak for glaring errors, for it must be remembered that these sketches are often the most authentic sources of information we possess as to the topography of distant countries; if they are thus defective, there is only one thing in their favour, namely, that when still further reduced into geographical maps the errors are considerably diminished. The errors to which we at present

allude are, first, the general outline being incorrect, because distant points have not been fixed from lines of sufficient length, or by using very imperfect instruments; secondly, that the hills or mountains, not being drawn with a proper regard to their real form or steepness, cannot be properly connected when the separate portions of a large work are to be blended together in one general map.

It may be convenient to separate military sketches into two divisions: first, the rapid sketch of a position in advance, or of a battle immediately after it is fought, to be sent with the despatches; or of a line of route, &c.; these may be done secretly, with but little assistance from instruments, sometimes without any, and, as they are to serve only a transient purpose, much latitude must be allowed to those who perform such service. Secondly, such sketches, or rather surveys, as may be undertaken by officers at periods of greater leisure, yet not admitting of a numerous party, with elaborate instruments, being employed upon them, and also frequently requiring some degree of secrecy.

From the first division of military sketches we cannot expect much when they have served their original purpose; their imperfect execution excludes the further use of them when anything better can be found. It is to the second division that the most importance will always be attached; it is a collection of these that will ever be considered valuable in a military and geographical, perhaps we may say also a geological, point of view, and therefore the errors before mentioned should be avoided as much as possible.

The principles of military sketching cannot differ essentially from those of surveying. They both consist in determining the sides and angles of real or imaginary figures upon the surface of the earth. These are always resolvable into triangles, by means of which we lay down these figures upon paper to any required scale. But the practice differs very considerably; and it is for this reason that they are called sketches rather than surveys, because so much of them is usually done by the eye, instead of being a continued series of angles and measured lines, as in the more elaborate surveys.

As, in surveying large tracts of country, large triangles must be first formed with great care, to find the true relative situation of distant objects, and these again subdivided into smaller ones, until there is no longer any fear of the errors of mere surveying accumulating too far before they are checked by reference to those points, so in military sketching, when a tract of country is to be drawn, containing one hundred square miles or more, a similar proceeding cannot be safely dispensed with, for nothing can ensure a proper degree of accuracy but a triangulation of some kind.

It cannot, therefore, be too strongly recommended to persons employed on this service to pay great attention to these points. It may not be improper to mention in this place, that it is usual to consider all military plans whatever, as made up of two component parts, one of which is called ground, and comprehends the variety of surface only; the other, called detail, embraces roads, rivers, cities, towns, villages, marshes, woods, fords, bridges, and every other minutia, the existence of which can be essential in a military point of view.