ABBOTT,* THE REV. JACOB, was born in Plaine, United States, about the year 1802, and was educated at Bowdoin College, where he took the usual degree before entering on the ministry of the Independent body. He soon became a voluminous author, both on religious and moral subjects, and most popular as a writer for the young. He is the author of "The Young Christian," "The Corner Stone," &c., "Harper's Story Books," Stories of the Rainbow," &c., and of some "Illustrated Histories," which have had a large sale on both sides of the Atlantic.

Kader, who, though young, was already famous for his intellectual powers and bodily prowess, was elected their chief by some of the tribes in the neighbourhood of that city, in the hope that he would deliver their country from anarchy. He was shortly afterwards proclaimed emir of Mascara, and declared a religious war against the French, who, finding that it was more convenient to have the Emir as a friend than as a foe, concluded with him a treaty, which constituted him sovereign of the Province of Oran, with a right of the monopoly of the commerce of the entire country, similar to that exercised by Mehemet Ali in Egypt. However, desiring to extend his dominions, he soon found himself again at issue with the French, who attacked him, but with doubtful success, though they forced him to evacuate Mascara. For more than ten years he continued in arms against the French invaders of African soil, whose generals he baffled or defeated in a desultory warfare, until, on December 23, 1843, he was defeated by Marshal Bugeaud, to whom he capitulated on the faith of a promise that he should be allowed to retire to Alexandria or to St. Jean d'Acre. Instead, however, of this promise being fulfilled, the French sovereign imprisoned him in the castle of Pau, whence he was transferred, in 1848, to the Château d'Amboise, near Blois. Here he remained until after the proclamation of the empire in 1852, when he was re

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leased by the emperor Louis Napoleon, and swore upon the Koran never again to molest the French rule in Africa. Abd-el-Kader not only has kept his word, but treated with great kindness and consideration the Christian population of the East at the time of the Syrian massacres in the summer of 1860, for which good service he has received a decoration from the emperor of the French.

A'BECKETT,*SIRWILLIAM, brother of the late Gilbert Abbot A'Beckett, was born in London in 1806, and was educated at Westminster School. He was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1829. He mixed, however, the study of the belles lettres with that of law; at all events, he edited the "Universal Biography," and subsequently composed a considerable portion of "The Georgian Era," in four volumes. He was appointed successively Solicitor and Attorney General of New South Wales, and subsequently resident Judge at Port Philip, a title which he exchanged for that of Chief Justice of Victoria, on the creation of that part of Australia into a separate colony.

ABOUT,* EDMOND-FRANÇOISVALENTIN, a popular French writer, was born at Dieuze (Meurthe), the 14th February, 1828. He pursued his studies at the Lycée Charlemagne, won the prize of honour in 1848, and passed, in 1851, to the French School of Athens. In Greece he directed his attention to archæological studies, and made his first appearance as an author with "La Grèce Contemporaine" (1855), a work in which modern Greece was painted in truer colours to the general world than was acceptable to the people of Greece. It was well received, and the author had soon plenty of work on his hands. In the Revue des Deux Mondes he published a kind of autobiographical novel, "Tolla" (1855). "Les Mariages de Paris" (1856) was another grand success; and so, also, "Germaine" (1857). He shortly afterwards published a famous pamphlet on the Roman question, which was supposed to be inspired by the emperor.

ACLAND,* HENRY WENTWORTH, M.D., F.R.S., &c., fourth son of Sir Thomas Dyke Acland, Bart., was born in 1815, and educated at Eton, and Christ Church, Oxford, whence he was elected, in 1841, to a Fellowship at All Souls. He took the degree of M.D. at Oxford in 1848, where he holds the post of Physician to the Radcliffe Infirmary, and was appointed Lee's Reader in Anatomy in 1845. Dr. Acland is known for his active exertions in the promotion of cleanliness, drainage, and athletic exercise, as the best remedies against disease, and has published, with a view to bring the sanitary question before the public mind, an account of the visitation of cholera at Oxford in 1854, besides other matter, books, and pamphlets.

ADAM, JEAN-VICTOR, the son of an eminent engraver, was born in Paris, the 29th February, 1801. He has made himself some distinction as a painter. His first picture, Herminie secourant Tancrede," was exhibited in 1819. Several of his pictures painted since then are to be found in the gallery of Versailles. He has had great success as a lithographic artist. Medals have rewarded the productions of his genius; but his fame as an artist will rest chiefly upon such pieces as the "Entrance of the French into Montebello" and the "Capitulation of Meiningen," now to be seen at Versailles.

ADAMS, CHARLES FRANCIS, son of John Quincy Adams, born 1807, at Boston, Massachusetts; published an edition of "Letters of Mrs. Adams," in 1848, and of "Life and Works of John Adams," 10 vols., in a previous year. He is well known to American literature as a compiler of his grandfather's works. He was sent to England as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary from the United States of America, in 1861, on the recall of Mr. Dallas, immediately on the outbreak of the civil war between the Northern and Southern States.

ADAMS, JOHN COUCH, an eminent