cestershire, with which Lord Macaulay was connected. He was born in 1794, and educated, first at the Charter House, then at Haileybury College. He entered the Madras Civil Service in 1812, but ill-health compelled him to quit India, whence he returned to England in 1819. He then entered the University of Cambridge, where he graduated M.D. in 1830. In the following year he became a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians. He was Physician to Guy's Hospital till 1854, and is still (1861) Physician to Charter House, and President of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society, and of the Epidemiological Society. He translated the " Epidemics of the Middle Ages," and edited for the Sydenham Society Feuchtersleben's "Medical Psychology." He has also contributed to the Transactions of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society, to those of the Royal Asiatic and Geological Societies, and to the "Cyclopædia of Practical Medicine." He is author of a volume of poems entitled "Passing Thoughts," published anonymously in 1854.

BABINGTON, CHARLES CARDALE, F.L.S., F.G.S., is the only son of the late Joseph Babington, Esq., M.D., of Ludlow, and cousin of the above Rev. Churchill Babington. He was born in 1808, and educated at St. John's College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1830, and subsequently proceeded M.A. He is well known as an eminent naturalist, and has published "Flora Bathoniensis," "The Flora of the Channel Islands," "A Manual of Botany," which has passed through several editions; he is also the author of "Ancient Cambridgeshire," in the publications of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society, &c.

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and Professor of Mathematics in the university, Pennsylvania, in 1827. This position he seems to have relinquished for a time in order to organize the High School of Philadelphia, of which he filled the post of Principal in 1841-42. In the latter year he returned to the first-named university as Professor of Natural Philosophy and Chemistry, whence he removed on his appointment to the Presidency of Girard College, Philadelphia. In 1833 he published an edition of "Brewster's Optics," and in 1839, after a voyage to Europe for that purpose, a large volume, on the "Different Systems of Instruction there pursued. In 1843 he was appointed superintendent of the United States coast survey, the reports of which are published annually, under his supervision. In 1858 he received the medal of the Royal Geographical Society. Professor Bache is a member of the principal scientific societies of the world. Besides the literary productions above mentioned, he published between 1840-45, "Observations at the Magnetic and Meteorological Observatory of Girard College," (3 vols. 8vo and 1 vol. plates), and is the author of many learned papers in "The Proceedings of the American Association for the advancement of Science," 1849-58, and of others in the journals of the Franklin Institute, of Pennsylvania, and of several minutes, addressed to the government departments of the United States, and various scientific bodies in America.

*

D

party. He was promoted, in 1825, to the rank of Commander; and when Captain Franklin, on the return of the expedition, set out in advance, with five of his party, from Great Bear Lake, Back was left at Fort Franklin in charge of the remaining officers and men, the boats, collections of natural history, rough notes, and astronomical and meteorological observations; with instructions to proceed, on the breaking up of the ice, to York Factory, and thence to England, which he reached in 1827. From that date he remained unemployed until 1833, when he volunteered, and was appointed to conduct an expedition fitted out for the purpose of instituting a search after Sir John Ross, who had left England in 1829, on a voyage to the Polar Seas. The history of this expedition has been related by Captain Back himself, in his interesting "Narrative of the Arctic Land Expedition to the Mouth of the Great Fish or Back River, and along the Shores of the Arctic Ocean, in 1833-5." The thermometer was 70° below zero. On his return to England, in 1835, he obtained post rank, and in the ensuing year was appointed to the Terror, bomb, in which he sailed soon afterwards for Papa-Westray, one of the Orkney islands, in command of a new Arctic expedition, fitted out with every appliance that seemed likely to insure success. Of this voyage we have a stirring account in his "Narrative of the Expedition in H.M.S. Terror, undertaken with a view to Geographical Discovery on the Arctic Shores, in 1836-7." From that period, if we except a temporary appointment under the Treasury to examine and report upon the then condition of Holyhead harbour, Captain Back has been permitted to remain upon halfpay. In 1837, the Geographical Society conferred upon him both its medals, and two years afterwards he received the honour of knighthood. He also received the gold medal of the Geographical Society of Paris, together with a service of plate from

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the subscribers to the Arctic Land Expedition. He attained the rank of Rear-Admiral in March, 1857.

BAEHR,* JOHANN CHRISTIAN FELIX, a German philologist, the son of a prelate, was born in Darmstadt, June 13, 1798. He studied at Heidelberg, and held from 1819 to 1826 various scholastic appointments in the university of that city. In the latter year he was named Titular Professor of Classical Literature. He has never quitted Heidelberg, where he has been successively Chief Librarian (1833), Superior Inspector of the Lyceum (1839), and lastly, Director of the Philological Seminary (1845). Under his management the library has been greatly augmented, and the establishments he directs wisely reformed. His printed works are many; among others may be signalized his edition of "Herodotus," published at Leipsic in 1832-34, in 4 vols. 8vo., a work of great labour and erudition; a "History of Roman Literature" (Geschichte der römischen Litteratur; Carlsruhe, 1828, 3rd edition); "The Christian Poets and Historians of Rome" (Die christlichen Dichter und Geschichtsschreiber Roms; Carlsr., 1837); and

History of Roman Literature during the Carlovingian period" (Geschichte der röm. Literat. in Karoling. Zeitalter; Carlsr., 1840). He has edited, besides, a number of Greek treatises, with dissertations and critical notes, and has written a number of critical and archæological articles in periodicals; especially in Ersch and Gruber's "Universal Encyclopædia." Several of these articles have been reprinted. He edited along with Schlosser and Munke the "Annals of Heidelberg' from 1834 to 1847; since which latter date he has been sole editor.

BAILEY,* THE REV. HENRY, B.D., Warden of St. Augustine's College, Canterbury, was born about the year 1814, and was educated at St. John's College, Cambridge, where he gra duated B.A. in 1839, having obtained the Crosse and the Tyrwhitt University Scholarships. He became Fellow of his college, and was ap

BAILEY, PHILIP JAMES, son of the late Mr. Thomas Bailey, author of the "Annals of Notts," who died in 1856, was born April 22, 1816, at Nottingham. His education was conducted at various schools in his native town, and in 1831 he matriculated at the University of Glasgow, where he studied two sessions under Professors Buchanan, Sir D. K. Sandford, Thomson, and Milne. In 1833 he entered the offices of a solicitor in the Temple, with whom he remained two years. In 1835 he was admitted a member of Lincoln's Inn, and was called to the Bar in 1840, having in the interval passed a year in the chambers of an eminent conveyancer in the same inn of court. About this period, feeling a growing distaste for legal pursuits, he commenced an extensive and multifarious course of reading in the libraries of the British Museum and Lincoln's Inn, and resolved to attempt original composition in verse. In 1839 his "Festus " was published, and met with a generally enthusiastic reception in this country and in America. It reached its sixth edition in 1860. In 1850 he published "The Angel World," a poem which was subsequently incorporated with "Festus."

In 1855 he published another poem, entitled "The Mystic;" and in 1858, "The Age."

BAILY, EDWARD HODGES, R.A., was born at Bristol, in March, 1788. His father, a ship-carver, was a man of great artistic power. At the age of fourteen, young Baily was taken from school, and placed in a merchant's counting-house; but he left his situation at the age of sixteen years, and began the world as a wax-modeller on his own account. Having the good fortune to be successful in his likenesses, he met with much encouragement. His transition from modelling in wax to clay was first awakened

He

memory of Mrs. Draper (the "Eliza” of Sterne). About the same time a surgeon, of the name of Leigh, lent the young artist Flaxman's designs for Homer's "Iliad" and "Odyssey,' and, what was still better, gave him a commission for two groups to be modelled from these designs. The result was so satisfactory to the worthy surgeon, that he wrote to Flaxman to urge him to take the youth into his studio as an assistant. The latter formed a high estimate of his capacity, took him at once into his studio, and began to treat him more as his son than as his assistant. His progress was now exceedingly rapid. gained the silver medal at the Society of Arts and Sciences, and the silver and gold medals, with a purse of fifty guineas, at the Royal Academy; the subjects, on the latter occasion, being "Hercules restoring Alcestis to Admetus." At the age of twenty-five Mr. Baily produced his "Eve at the Fountain," a statue of world-wide reputation for unrivalled grace and beauty (now in the Institution in his native city). Quitting the studio of Flaxman at the end of his seventh year of service, Mr. Baily accepted the post of chief-modeller to the great firm of Rundell and Bridge, who were accustomed to seek for designs and models from the first sculptors and painters of their time. "Hercules casting Lycas into the Sea," "Apollo discharging his Arrows," and "Maternal Love," executed for the late Mr. J. Neeld, M.P. for Chippenham, were next in succession from his hand. Mr. Baily was afterwards employed, with other sculptors, in executing the figures on the Marble Arch and the "Triumph of Britannia," together with the statues on the summit of the edi fice. He likewise sculptured the

bassi-relievi that surround the throneroom at Buckingham Palace. His other works of that period were statues to the memory of Lord Egremont, Mr. Telford, the engineer; Sir Astley Cooper, Sir Richard Bourke,

governor of New South Wales; Dean Dawson, Doctor Butler, Earl Grey, at Newcastle; the duke of Sussex, for Freemason's Hall; a monument to Lord Holland, in Westminster Abbey, and a design for the Nelson monument, which, for want of funds, has never been carried out. The colossal statue of Nelson which surmounts the Corinthian column in Trafalgar Square is also from his hand. Mr. Baily was elected an Associate of the Royal Academy in 1817, and a Royal Academician in 1821. His best works perhaps

are

"Eve listening to the Voice," a companion to his "Eve at the Fountain;""The Graces," and the "Fatigued Huntsman" (both purchased by the late Mr. Joseph Neeld); the "Sleeping Nymph," in the possession of Lord Monteagle; and a colossal statue of Sir Robert Peel for Manchester.

BAINBRIGGE,* SIR PHILIP, K.C.B., son of the late Professor Bainbrigge, and grandson of Thomas Bainbrigge, Esq., of Woodseat, Staffordshire, was born in 1786, and educated at Lichfield School. He entered the navy as midshipman under the late Lord de Saumarez; but his royal highness the late duke of York having offered him a commission, he exchanged his profession for the army in 1800, and served in the Mediterranean and West Indies. Returning home in 1808, he studied at the Senior Department Royal Military College, High Wycombe, after which he was placed on the staff of the army in Portugal in 1810, and served through the Peninsular war. He subsequently held the appointments of Deputy Quartermaster-General in Dublin, of MajorGeneral commanding the Belfast district, and Commander of the Forces in Ceylon. He became a LieutenantGeneral in 1854, and a K.C.B. in 1860, and is Colonel of the 26th regiment. He gained the war medal with seven clasps for Ciudad Rodrigo, Badajoz, Salamanca, Vittoria, Pyrenees, Nivelle, and Toulouse. In 1809 he invented a protracting pocket-sextant, to facilitate hasty military surveying,

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which was of the greatest use in enabling him to perform his duties in the quartermaster-general's department in the Peninsular campaigns under the duke of Wellington. He is the author of "A Song of Salamanca," and of "A Correction of Mis-statements in the Historical Records of the 20th Regiment."

BAINES,* EDWARD, the second son of the late Mr. Edward Baines (who rose from being a printer's boy to be the representative of the borough of Leeds in Parliament for seven years, 1834-41), and brother of the late Right Hon. M. T. Baines, M.P., some time Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, was born in 1800, and was educated at the Protestant Dissenters' Grammar School, Manchester. He succeeded his lamented father as editor and proprietor of the Leeds Mercury, one of the most influential organs of the liberal school in the north of England; and he is well known as the author of "A Visit to the Vaudois of Piedmont," " "The Life of the late Edward Baines," "The History of the Cotton Manufacture," "The Woollen Manufacture of England," and other works bearing on the industrial progress and commerce of the nation. He is also President of the Yorkshire Union of Mechanics' Institutes. Mr. Baines was elected M.P. for Leeds in his brother's place in 1859; and in 1861 attempted, though without success, to introduce into Parliament a bill for the reform of the representation of the people, the substance of which was a £6 franchise in boroughs, but was defeated on a division by 245 votes to 193. Mr. Baines is the leader and organ of dissenting interest in the House of Commons, and as such is a strong opponent of church rates, and a supporter of the voluntary system.

BAIRD, ROBERT, D.D., born in 1798 in Fayette county, Pennsylvania, United States, is best known in Europe and America for his labours in the extension of the Protestant religion. His "History of the Temperance Societies," 1836, has been translated