by Frau Birch-Pfeiffer. In 1845-6 Auerbach prepared and published an almanack, under the title of "The Godfather," in the manner of Franklin's "Poor Richard's Almanack," which was read by both gentle and simple. Since 1845 he has resided principally at Weimar, Leipsic, Breslau, and Dresden, where he has zealously advocated the cause of education.

suc

often before the public in connection
with the still unsettled contest be-
tween the duchy of Holstein and the
Danes. Brought up under the en-
lightened direction of the late Duke
Frederic-Christian, whom he
ceeded in 1814, and afterwards under
that of his mother, Louis-Auguste,
the duke of Augustenburg completed
his education by instructive travels,
undertaken in 1818, 1819, and 1820, in
Germany, Switzerland, Italy, France,
and England. In 1830 he married
Louis-Sophie, countess of Dannisk-
jold Samsoe. In the proceedings of
the provincial diets to which Frede-
rick VI. committed the direction of
the German states, after the French
revolution of July, the duke of Augus-
tenburg took a prominent part, dis-
tinguishing himself as much by his
zeal in the cause of liberty and pro-
gress as by his great oratorical ability.
The duke is a large landed proprietor,
and has spent immense sums in the

AUGIER, GUILLAUME - VICTOREMILE, a French dramatic poet, member of the Institute, was born at Valence (Dolme), the 17th September, 1820. He was destined for the bar, but his inclinations were literary. His first piece, "La Ciguë," a drama in two acts, and in verse, was refused by the Théâtre Français, who suspected the age of the author-he was only twenty-four; but it was received at the Odéon. This was in 1844. Next year the Théâtre Français, made aware of its mistake, admitted "La Ciguë into its repertory, and it is still played with success. In 1849 ap-improvement of the agriculture of his peared "Gabrielle," which gained him the Monthyon prize at the hands of the Academy. In 1858 he published a collection of "Poesies," containing some pretty idylls. Among his later works "Les Pattes de Mouches" and "Les Effrontés have made the greatest hits. M. Augier has been called the "poet of good sense," by the side of some of his contemporaries. His style is more brilliant than equal, and it is the absence of monotony which perhaps makes him a favourite. Among many candidates, M. Augier was elected to succeed M. Salvandy in the French Academy.

AUGUSTENBURG, CHRISTIANAUGUST, DUKE OF SCHLESWIG-HOLSTEIN - SONDERBURG - AUGUSTENBURG, born in Copenhagen, July 19, 1798, is the chief of the younger branch of the royal line of the house of Holstein. It is to the head of this younger branch that, according to ancient treaties, the sovereignty of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein should fall, in case of the death of the king of Denmark without male issue. The name of this prince has thus been

country. His stud at Augustenburg was one of the finest in Europe. After the downfall of the statholdershaft of Schleswig-Holstein, the duke's estates were confiscated, and he was declared a traitor. He appealed to the German Diet for protection against the consequences of this decree, but without success. Returning to Silesia, he bought there, in 1853, the estate of Primkenau. He has ceded, for a money payment, his property and rights in Holstein to the royal family. The anonymous articles which he contributed to the public journals on the Schleswig-Holstein question have been re-published in a collective form.

AUSTRIA, FRANCIS-JOSEPHCHARLES, EMPEROR OF, ascended the throne of Austria, December 2, 1849, on the abdication of his uncle Ferdinand I. He is the eldest son of the Archduke Francis-Charles, who stood next to the late emperor in the legal order of succession, and of the Princess Sophia, born August 18, 1830. On succeeding to the sceptre, he found the empire shaken to its base by internal dissensions; and his first step

was to promise a free and constitu- | his numerous subject-states with the tional Government to the country. unity and grandeur of the empire. He found himself, however, forced to For this purpose the greater part of close the National Assembly and to the old Hungarian system has been assume absolute power, and at the restored, the several provinces being same time to abrogate the Constitu- empowered to elect deputies to their tion of Hungary, where the people local Diets, while all the states are were in rebellion against him, and invited to send members to the Impewere only brought to subjection by | rial Parliament at Vienna. The Press, the armed intervention of Russia, too, has obtained a degree of freedom while he owed his hold on Italy to never known before, and religious the firm hand of his veteran gene- liberty has been established to a very ral Radetsky. Having at length considerable extent. The emperor gained internal peace and freedom for Francis-Joseph is tall and fine in governmental and legislative action, person, and his bravery amounted he promulgated the edict of Schoen- to rashness at Solferino. In April, brunn, September 26, 1851, in which 1854, he married the Princess Elizahe declared the Government "respon- beth Amélie Eugénie, daughter of sible to no other political authority the Duke Maximilian-Joseph, and but the throne." Guided by Prince cousin, on her mother's side, to the Schwarzenberg, and after his death king of Bavaria. In 1857 the emby Count Buol and Baron Bach, he peror and empress paid a visit to centralized the government of his their Italian and Hungarian doheterogeneous nationalities at Vienna, minions, and signalized each occasion and, aided by Herr von Bruck, inau- by granting an amnesty to such ingurated a series of fiscal and com- habitants of those countries as had mercial reforms which appealed to the been involved in political offences. interests of the middle classes. In 1853-54, Francis-Joseph used his influence, though fruitlessly, with the Czar Nicholas to dissuade him from the Crimean campaign; and he incurred great odium with the Czar because he refused to assist Russia against the Western Powers, whilst they in their turn were nettled because he resolved to stand neutral, and not to throw the weight of his name into their side of the scales. The policy of Austria on this occasion, however, will be more fairly estimated by posterity than it possibly can be by the contemporary biographer; but one may be pardoned for suggesting that if Austria had joined the Allied Powers against Russia in 1854, in all probability Louis Napoleon would not have crossed the Alps and dictated the peace of Villafranca, and that her armed neutrality in 1855-6 was to a great extent the cause of her losing Lombardy three years later. At present (1861) the emperor is engaged in the great experiment of reconciling the ancient privileges and usages of

AUZOUX, THEODORE LOUIS, a French anatomist, was born at St. Aubin d'Ecroville (Eure), about 1797. He was made doctor, at Paris, in 1822. He is best known in his own country and in Europe by the pains he has bestowed on popularizing the study of anatomy by means of casts, taken from the organs of the dead subject. He employs a paste, which, when dried, is as hard as wood, impervious to moisture, and which renders every vein and fibre to which it has been applied as distinctly as it is possible to conceive. One of the great advantages of the models thus obtained, is that of being composed of separate elements representing distinct organs, or distinct portions of the same organ, and of being capable of being mounted or dismounted at pleasure, so as to show the relation of the different parts, and of different organs amongst themselves. His system he calls "clastic anatomy" (from кλaw, to break). He has a large factory for the preparation of these anatomical moulds, in his native town, which is highly spoken

derstood to have succeeded his fatherin-law, the celebrated Professor

of, not only for the wholesome moral and economical discipline which marks it, but also for the artistic education | Wilson. In that northern periodical, it gives to a number of the people in the district in anatomy, modelling, and painting.

from time to time, first appeared those stirring national ballads, now known as "Lays of the Scottish Cavaliers;" among which "The Heart of Bruce," "Edinburgh after Flodden," and "The Burial March of Dundee," may be cited, as exhibiting their author's poetic faculty. Besides these Lays, he is author of many pieces in the "Book of Ballads," edited by Bon Gaultier a name under which he and Mr. Theodore Martin contributed to various periodi

AWDRY, SIR JOHN WITHER, KNT., eldest son of the late John Awdry, Esq., of Notton House, Wilts, was born in 1795, and was educated at Winchester and at Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated, in 1816, as a first-class in classics, and was subsequently elected to a Fellowship at Oriel College. He was called to the Bar in 1822, and in 1830 was appointed a Puisne Judge and Com-cals. In the summer of 1853 Professor missioner of the Insolvent Debtors' Court at Bombay, from which he was promoted, in 1839, to the Chief Justiceship of the Supreme Court of that Presidency. He resigned in 1842, and soon afterwards returned to England. He was appointed one of the Commissioners of the University of Oxford in 1852.

AYTOUN, WILLIAM EDMONDSTOUNE, Poet and Professor, was born in the year 1813, of a Fifeshire family, and was educated at the seminaries of the

Aytoun appeared at Willis's rooms in the metropolis, and delivered six lectures on "Poetry and Dramatic Literature" to large and fashionable audiences; and to his pen is ascribed the mock-heroical tragedy of "Firmilian," designed to ridicule the rising poets of the day as "The Spasmodic School," and to discredit a certain order of critics, whose eccentric praise is certainly somewhat perilous to those on whom it is bestowed. Of late years no writer on the Conservative side of politics has rendered more efficient service to his party than Professor Aytoun; and in 1852 Lord Derby appointed him to the offices of Sheriff and Vice-Admiral of Orkney.

Scottish capital. He was distinguished among his contemporaries at the Academy for the excellence he displayed in the composition of Latin and English, and obtained a prize for a poem on "Judith." In 1831 he gave to the public a volume of verse, entitled " Poland, and other Poems," which was not successful in attracting any very general attention. Mr. Aytoun obtained admission, in 1840, to the Scottish Bar, and became one of the standing wits of the Edinburgh law-courts-though without acquiring forensic celebrity as an advocate, excepting as counsel in criminal cases. He had the good fortune, however, to be presented, in 1845, to the chair of Rhetoric and Belles Lettres in the University. The professor's politics, originally of a somewhat liberal ten-music and painting at a very early dency, having gradually undergone a complete change, he became a leading contributor to Blackwood's Magazine, in the editorship of which he is un

AZEGLIO, MARQUIS D', MASSIMO TAPARELLI, Artist, Journalist, Statesman, Minister, was born in Turin, in 1800. He is the descendant of an ancient Piedmontese family. From his infancy he was of a proud and fiery spirit. At the age of fourteen he showed his first master, an ecclesiastic, the door, who had ventured to treat him harshly. For this he was excommunicated, and it was a long time before he could make his peace with his family and the Church. He devoted himself with great ardour to

age, and in the latter branch of the arts specimens of his pencil are to be seen in the galleries of the Louvre and of Turin. The will of his father

AZEGLIO.

BABBAGE-BABINGTON.