the year 1798, and educated at Balliol College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. in 1820. Having taken orders, he resided for many years at Brighton, where he held the incumbency of a district church, at the same time taking pupils. In 1836 he was appointed Chaplain in Ordinary to Her Majesty, and held the Preachership of Lincoln's Inn from 1844 to 1858. In 1851 he was appointed by the late duke of Beaufort to the valuable rectory of Tormarton, near Chippenham. He is the author of an elaborate work on "The History of the Church of England in the Colonies and Foreign Dependencies of the British Empire' (3 vols. 8vo. 1851), and "A Memoir of the Chisholm ;" and a variety of sermons on public occasions. He also edited, with notes and a preface, a hitherto unpublished letter by Bishop Berkeley on "The Roman Controversy." ANDERSON, WILLIAM, LL.D., a popular preacher of Glasgow. He was born in 1799, at Kilsyth, in Stirlingshire, where his father was minister of the United Presbyterian Church. After acquiring distinction at the University of Glasgow, he became minister of John-street Relief Church in that city in 1822, and he has remained there ever since. He has gained a high reputation as the advocate of liberal opinions, and particularly as a controversialist both on the platform and in the pulpit. His treatises on "The Mass," on "Penance," on "The Genius of Popery," and on Regeneration," are the most extensively popular. He has also published some miscellaneous sermons, which have gained great popularity. The Messrs. Black, of Edinburgh, are now proceeding (1861) with the publication of a series of his works in 6.vols. 66 | tion of his " Clinique Médicale," 3 vols. Paris, 1824. About this time he became the son-in-law of the celebrated Royer Collard, whose influence and popularity were then at their highest point. In 1827 he was appointed Professor of Hygiène in the faculty, and one of the physicians of the hospital of La Pitié. In 1830 he was transferred to the chair of Internal Pathology, and in 1839 succeeded the celebrated Broussais in that of General Pathology, and in 1842 was made a member of the Academy of Sciences. Although an extensive practice, crowded lectures, and a great variety of employments, made heavy demands upon Andral's time and activity, yet he projected and published a series of very comprehensive pathological works, the value of which has been acknowledged by the translations made of them into other languages. The most important are, "Précis d'Anatomie Pathologique," "Cours de Pathologie Interne," "Essai d'Hernatologie Pathologique." His lectures are distinguished for their ability. It is said that Andral has devoted himself too exclusively to the pathological anatomy of the dead subject to the neglect of morbid phenomena at the bedside of the patient, which led him into errors which he has since acknowledged. This discouragement shook his faith in the science of medicine, instead of leading him to confess the danger of systems in that as in every other science. ANSTER, JOHN, LL.D., M.R.I.A., Regius Professor of Civil Law in the University of Dublin, and author of a translation of Goethe's "Faust," was born in the county of Cork about the year 1798, and educated at Trinity College, Dublin, where he took the degree of LL.D. in 1826. In 1817 he published a prize poem on the death of the Princess Charlotte, and in 1819 "Poems, with Translations, from the German." Several of the pieces of which this volume was composed appeared originally in Blackwood's Maga ANDRAL, GABRIEL, a distinguished French physician and author, was born at Paris, the 6th of November, 1797; studied at the college of Louis le Grand, took his degree of doctor of medicine in 1821, and established his scientific reputation by the publica-zine. The encouragement afforded ANSTEY-ANTHON. to his earlier efforts, and the success | 19 Soon born at New York in 1797. He is the fourth of six sons, and having received a good education, in 1811 entered Columbia College, and graduated with distinguished honour in 1815. Immediately on leaving college he entered the law-office of his brother, Mr. John Anthon; and in 1819 was admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court of the State of New York. While a student of law, Mr. Anthon applied himself to the study of the classical authors, and especially of the Greek; the reputation thus acquired led to his appointment in the following year (1820) as Assistant Professor of Languages in Columbia College, which office he held until 1835, when, upon the resignation of Professor Moore, he was advanced to the station filled for many years by that gentleman. In 1830 Professor Anthon was appointed Rector of the College Grammar School; and in 1831 received from his alma mater the degree of LL.D. His literary ANSTEY, THOMAS CHISHOLM, Bar- activity early displayed itself. rister-at-Law, second son of Thomas after his appointment to the adjunct Anstey, Esq., of Tasmania, was born professorship, he undertook the prein London in 1816, and educated at paration of a new edition of LemUniversity College, London. He was priere's "Classical Dictionary," which called to the Bar at the Middle Temple was immediately republished in Engin 1839. He became an early conland. From this time Professor Antributor to the Dublin Review, the thon devoted himself assiduously to Law Magazine, &c., and took an the preparation of a series of works, active part in all political measures designed to improve the character of affecting the interests of the Roman classical scholarship in his native Catholic body, of which he is a mem-country. In 1830 appeared the larger ber. In 1841 he published "British edition of Horace, with various readCatholics and the New Parliament," ings, and a copious commentary; from followed by "A Guide to the Laws this larger work Dr. Anthon prepared, affecting Roman Catholics," "A Let- in 1833, a smaller edition, for the use ter to Lord Cottenham on Petitions of of schools and colleges. In 1835, in Right,” “Guide to the History of the connection with the publishing house Laws and Constitution of England, in of the Messrs. Harper, Professor AnSix Lectures," &c. In 1847-52 he thon projected a classical series, which represented the Irish borough of should comprise as well the text-books Youghal on "liberal" principles, and used in accademies and schools preheld the Attorney - Generalship at paratory to college as those usually Hong-Kong from 1854 to 1858, when read in colleges and universities. This he was obliged to resign, owing to series includes some of the most imdifferences with the then governor portant Greek and Latin authors. and law officers of the colony, and to Besides these, Dr. Anthon has pubreturn to England. lished larger works on ancient geography, Greek and Roman antiquities, ANTHON, CHARLES, LL.D., was mythology, literature, &c., numbering | tion. He subsequently took part with in all about fifty volumes. ANTONELLI,* CARDINAL JAMES, is a member of an Italian family of the middle class, and was born at Sonnino, April 2nd, 1806. Having been educated in Rome for the clerical vocation, he entered into orders, and having held several posts under the late Pope Gregory XVI., on the 11th of June, 1847, he was raised to the dignity of a cardinal deacon by Pope Pius IX. under the title of St. Agatha. According to the "Catholic Directory" for 1861, he holds the posts of "Secretary of State to his holiness the Pope, President of the Council of Ministers, Prefect of the Sacred Apostolic Palaces, and of the Sacred Congregation of Loretto, and of the Consulta." He is virtually the Prime Minister of the Pope in his government of the Papal States, and his mouthpiece in all formal and official transactions, and more especially influences all matters relating to the diplomatic intercourse of the Papal court with the rest of Europe. It is almost needless to add, that in the troubled times of 1860-1 Cardinal Antonelli has been a staunch upholder of the temporal power of the Papacy, and equally firm in his resistance to the efforts of his fellowcountrymen to establish a "free and united" Italy. ARAGO, ETIENNE, a Journalist, brother of the late celebrated astronomer of the same name, was born at Perpignan, February 7, 1803; studied at the College of Sorreze, and held, during the period of the Restoration, an appointment in the Polytechnic School, which he resigned to enter upon a literary career. He has written vaudevilles and melodramas; and established two opposition journals, La Lorgnette and Le Figaro; the latter in conjunction with M. Maurice Alhoy. In 1829 he became director of the Théâtre de Vaudeville, the doors of which he closed on the 27th of July, 1830, the day after the publication of the ordonnances of Charles X.; thus being one of the first to give the signal of the Revolu numbers of his friends in the insurrectionary movements of June and April, 1834; but it was his good fortune to be either unnoticed or forgotten, and he was not included among the number of the accused who expiated their imprudence in St. Pelagie. This escape did not deter him from subsequently entering the fiery field of politics. After the Revolution of 1848 he was keenly opposed to the politics of the Elysée, and signed the act of accusation against the president and ministers on the occasion of the siege of Rome. In 1849 he was condemned to deportation by the High Court of Versailles on a charge of contumacy. He has since resided in England, Holland, Geneva, and Turin; at which latter place he has again been occupying himself with literary studies and editing his Souvenirs. * ARCHER, JOHN WYKEHAM, son of the late John Archer, Esq., of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, was born there in 1806. He became in 1820 a pupil of John Scott, the celebrated engraver of animals. In 1827 he produced a series of large etchings of Fountains Abbey, and of the abbey church and the abbot's tower at Hexham. He removed to Edinburgh, where he made a collection of drawings of the old houses and streets, after which he proceeded to London, and entered the studio of W. and E. Finden to improve his practice in etching on steel. Having been elected a member of the New Society of Painters in Water-colours, he produced a series of drawings of Lambeth Palace and the church of St. Mary Overys. Mr. Archer is the author of an interesting and learned antiquarian work, entitled "Vestiges of Old London; likewise of a series of papers published in Douglas Jerrold's Magazine, entitled "The Recreations of Mr. Zigzag the Elder," and of numerous papers published in different journals, chiefly upon antiquarian topics. His principal drawings are a series of some hundreds of sketches of the antiquities of London and its en ARGELANDER-ARGYLL. 21 marquis of Lorn, he took an active part in the controversy of the Presbyterian Church of Scotland relating to patronage, and was looked upon by Dr. Chalmers as an important and valuable adherent. As early as 1842, he published a pamphlet which exhibited considerable literary ability, under the title of "A Letter to the Peers from a Peer's Son." This brochure," on the Duty and Necessity of immediate Legislative Interposition in behalf of the Church of Scotland, as determined by Considerations of Constitutional Law," was an historical view of the Church, particularly in reference to its constitutional power in ecclesiastical matters. In the course of the same year, he published another pamphlet on the same sub ARGELANDER, FREDERICK WILLIAM AUGUST, an eminent astronomer, was born at Memel, in Prussia, the 21st of March, 1799. He was educated at the University of Königsberg, and studied astronomy under Bessel, by whom he was afterwards employed as assistant in the observatory under his charge. In 1823 he undertook the supervision of the observatory at Abo, in Finland, where he remained until its destruction by fire in 1828,ject. It was called "A Letter to the when he superintended the building of the new one at Helsingfors. In 1837 he received the appointment of Professor of Astronomy in the University of Bonn. He published, about 1830, the results of his observations at Abo; viz. "A Catalogue of 560 Stars, with Observations upon their Motions," a work which gave him great reputation, and gained him a prize from the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. At Bonn he continued the great work of Bessel, and determined principally the position of the stars found in the zone of 45° to 80° declination, which was published in 1846 in his "Observations in the Observatory of Bonn," a work which contains the positions of 22,000 stars. His work on the alternations of light in the changeable stars, upon which he has been employed for many years, is still (1861) to be published. Rev. Thomas Chalmers, D.D., on the Present Position of Church Affairs in Scotland, and the Causes which have led to it." In this pamphlet, he maintained the right of the Church to legislate for itself; but condemned the Free-Church movement then in agitation among certain members of the General Assembly; maintaining the position taken up in his "Letter to the Peers," and expressing his dissent from the extreme view embodied in the statement of Dr. Chalmers, that, "lay patronage and the integrity of the spiritual independence of the Church has been proved to be, like oil and water, immiscible." In 1848, the duke published an essay, critical and historical, on the ecclesiastical history of Scotland since the Reformation, entitled "Presbytery Examined." It was a careful expansion of his earlier writings, and on its appearance was favourably received. His Grace has been a frequent speaker in the House of Peers, on such subjects as Jewish Emancipation, the Scottish Marriage Bill, the Corrupt Practices at Elections Bill, the Sugar Duties, Foreign Affairs, the Ecclesiastical Titles Bill, the Scottish Law of Entail, the Repeal of the Paper Duties, &c. In 1849 he opposed the Amendment to the Address moved by the earl of Derby, 22 ARGYROPOULO-ARISTARCHI. and spoke strongly in favour of Free | Trade; intimating that the Scottish farmers had mostly expressed themselves friendly to it. During the administration of Lord John Russell, he gave the Government a general support, at the same time identifying his political views with those of the Liberal Conservatives. His grace actively interested himself in all questions affecting Scottish interests brought before the Legislature, especially in the affairs of the Church of Scotland. In 1851 he was elected Chancellor of the University of St. Andrew's. In 1852 he accepted office in the cabinet of the earl of Aberdeen, as Lord Privy Seal. On the breaking up of that ministry, in February, 1855, in consequence of the secession of Lord John Russell, and the appointment of Mr. Roebuck's famous Committee of Inquiry into the State of the British Army before Sebastopol, his grace retained the same office under the Premiership of Lord Palmerston. In the latter part of 1855, he resigned the Privy Seal, and became Postmaster-General. In Lord Palmerston's cabinet of 1859, the duke resumed the office of Lord Privy Seal, which he exchanged for that of Postmaster-General on Lord Elgin being sent, in 1860, on his second special mission to China. He was elected Rector of the University of Glasgow, in November, 1854, and in September, 1855, he presided over the twenty-fifth annual meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, held at Glasgow. In 1861 he was elected President of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. The duke married, in 1844, Lady Elizabeth Georgiana Gower, eldest daughter of the late duke of Sutherland, by whom he has a numerous family. His grace is Hereditary Master of the Queen's Household in Scotland, and Hereditary Sheriff and Vice-Lieutenant of Argyleshire. ARGYROPOULO,* PERICLES, a Greek legist and statesman, was born at Constantinople about 1810. His father Jakovaki, who was grand interpreter to the Porte under the Sultan Mahmoud, published, besides a translation of the life of Catherine the Great, a translation of "L'Esprit des Lois" in modern Greek. Pericles studied law at Paris, and on his return to Athens was made professor of law in the new university there. He has published several works in modern Greek; one, Tà Aŋμorika, on municipal institutions (Athens, 1833), has placed him at the head of the juris-consults of his country. He has been member of nearly all the legislatures since 1843, and constantly found in the ranks of the opposition. In 1854 he held the portfolio of Minister for Foreign Affairs, but after a year was obliged to yield the place. The political struggles in which he has been engaged have not shorn him of any of his glory as a learned professor. ARISTARCHI,* NICOLAS, Grand Logothete of the Greek Patriarchate of Constantinople, and born in that city in 1800, entered public life at the age of eighteen as muhardar, or keeper of the seals to Prince Alexander Soutzo, of Wallachia. In 1821 he was involved in the disgrace of his family, and accompanied into exile his father Stavraki, the last fanariot who held the office of grand interpreter to the Porte, and who was massacred a few weeks after his retirement by order of the favourite, Khalet Effendi. When the storm had passed over, Aristarchi was permitted to return to Constantinople, where he speedily rose in office and dignity in the court of the Sultan Mahmoud. He was already Grand Logothete (speaker or president) of the Greek Patriarchate, and in 1854 was named Kapou-kiaja (plenipotentiary) of Wallachia when the hospodar Alexander Ghika came to power. For more than thirty years Aristarchi has been greatly mixed up in the internal and external affairs of Turkey. He was an active agent in the famous UnkiarSkelessi treaty (1832); and more recently, when the discussions on the Holy Places arose (1851), he was one of the mixed commission instituted |