§7. There are several arsenals in the state which are Dublic property. An arsenal is a building in which are kept cannon, muskets, powder, balls and other warlike stores; all of which are to be kept in repair, and ready for use in case they should be wanted for war. The arsenals and magazines, together with the articles deposited in them, are under the care of the commissary-general, who from the nature of his duties is properly a militia officer. He also furnishes the officers of the militia, such articles as they are entitled to receive for the use of their companies. His salary is $700 a year.

§8. The prisons erected at Mount-Pleasant and Auburn, and the lands and buildings connected with them, are the property of the state, and are under the care of officers appointed for the purpose.

9. The state library consists of books containing matter of a public nature; such as the laws of the state, enacted from year to year, the laws of the United States, and the laws of the several states, together with all public documents, and such works generally as the members of the legislature and other officers of the government have occasion to examine, and as it is important to preserve for future use.

10. The trustees of the state library are the governor, the lieutenant-governor, the secretary of state, and the comptroller. The library room is in the capitol. The library is kept by a librarian, who is appointed by the trustees. salary is $700.

His

§ 11. Salt Springs. Among the most important items of property owned by the state, are the salt springs. The principal of these springs are in the town of Salina, in the county of Onondaga, and are generally called the Onondaga salt springs.

§ 12. The care and superintendence of these springs is vested in the superintendent of the Onondaga salt springs, and the inspector of salt in the county of Onondaga. The superintendent must give a bond in the sum of $30,000,

trustees of the state-hall? Who have the particular care of it? 7. What are the duties of the commissary-general? What is an arsenal? 8. What property has the state at Auburn and Mount-Pleasant? 9. Of what conBusts the state library? 10. In whose care is it? 11. Where are the principal salt springs belonging to the state? 12. Under whose manage

with five sufficient sureties, that he will faithfully perform the duties of his office; the bond to be filed in the office of the comptroller. He has a number of deputies to assist him. The inspector gives a bond in the sum of $2,000, for the same purpose, also to be filed in the comptroller's office. He also has deputies.

§ 13. The superintendent has possession of all the lands, buildings, timber, pumps, and other machinery; and all water-courses, wells, springs, and all other property of the people of this state, within the town of Salina; has the charge and management of them, under such rules, orders, and regulations as are made by the legislature from time to time; and leases the buildings and lots to those wishing to manufacture salt. He also transmits to the comptroller a statement quarterly, of the quantity of salt daily inspected; and monthly a statement of the amount of duties accrued and collected; and he performs many other duties.

§14. The superintendent has a salary of $1,500 a year; his two principal deputies, one at Syracuse and another at Salina, $600 each; and two other deputies, one at Liverpool and Geddes, each, $400.

15. The inspector or his deputies must carefully examine and inspect all the salt manufactories, and all the salt manufactured in them; and if he finds it to be dry and clean, he marks on the barrel his name as inspector, and the number of pounds of salt which the barrel contains. This is done that persons buying the salt may know that the salt has been inspected, and is of a good quality.

§ 16. Every person applying for the inspection of salt, must pay, at the superintendent's office in the village where the salt is inspected, a duty of six cents on every bushel of fifty-six pounds weight, which is, by the constitution, to go into the canal fund.

17. The inspector is allowed a salary of $1,500 a year; his principal deputy at Syracuse, and another at Salina, receive $700 each; and those at Liverpool and Geddes,

ment are they? What bonds are required of them? 13. What is the business of the superintendent? 14. What are the salaries of the superintendent and his deputies? 15. What are the inspector's duties? Why is salt inspected? 16. To whom are the duties paid? How much is the duty? 17. What are the salaries of the inspector and his deputies?

$550 each; to be paid to them monthly by the superintendent, from money in his hands belonging to the state. Assistant deputy inspectors may, when necessary, be employed at $30 a month.

18. There are also salt springs at Montezuma in the county of Cayuga, under the management of a superintendent. The salt works at this place are not extensive, and yield but a small revenue to the state.

CHAPTER XV.

Of the Militia of the State.

§1. In order to defend a country against attacks by foreign enemies, and to put down insurrections and rebellion against the government by its own citizens, it is the practice of governments to keep the country prepared for an event of this kind in case it should happen. For this purpose, men are required every year to meet on certain days for instruction and practice in the art of war. This is usually called training.

§2. By the laws of this state, all able bodied, free, white, male citizens, between the ages of eighteen and forty-five years, residing in the state, are liable to do military duty, except the following: The lieutenant-governor; members of the legislature during the term for which they are elected, and the officers of the legislature during its meeting, and for fourteen days before and after each meeting; the secretary of state, comptroller, attorney-general, treasurer, and surveyor-general, and their deputies and clerks; all judges of courts and their clerks, surrogates and sheriffs; ministers of the gospel, and teachers actually employed in colleges, academies, and common schools. And those who have been duly equipped, and have served fifteen years in a uniform company; and those also who have served four years as com

18. What is said of other salt springs?

1. For what purpose are military trainings? 2. What persons generally are liable to do military duty? Who are exempt by the laws of this

missioned officers in the militia of this or any other state, are thereafter exempt from military duty.

§3. Besides these, there are persons exempted by the laws of the United States. They are the vice-president and all executive and judicial officers of the government of the United States; members of congress and its officers; customhouse officers and their clerks; post-officers and drivers of mail stages; ferry-men employed at ferries on post roads; pilots and mariners.

§ 4. It will be seen that the president of the United States, and the governor of the state, are not mentioned among the persons who are free from military duty. By the constitution of the United States, the president is commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the United States; and of the whole militia of the several states also, when called out into actual service; and so also the governor is the commander. in-chief of the militia of the state. (See Cons. U. S. art. 2, § 2; and Cons. N. Y. art. 3, § 4.)

5. Persons who refuse to appear at military parades after having been duly warned, are afterwards tried by a military court called court martial, to consist of three military officers; and if upon trial such persons cannot show that they were necessarily absent, they are fined in such sum as the law prescribes. And they are also liable to fine if they attend, but are not equipped as the law requires. For the trial of high militia officers, courts consist of more than three members.

§ 6. The highest militia officer is the adjutant-general of the state; who keeps a roster (list) of all the officers in the state above the rank of captain, containing the date of their commissions, their rank, the corps they belong to, the division, brigade, and regiment, and the places of their residence. He also enters in a book, a description of the several regi. ments, brigades, and divisions of infantry, artillery and riflemen; and performs sundry other other duties. The adju tant general is appointed by the governor. His salary is $1000.

state? 3. Who are exempt by the laws of the United States? $4. Why are not the governor and the president free also? 5. What is done to persons who refuse to train when warned, or are not equipped? What are the duties of the adjutant-general? How is he appointed? Salary? $7

§7. There are persons who cannot conscientiously do military duty, believing it to be wrong ever to go to war. Now as it is the object of our constitution to secure to every person the liberty of conscience as well as any other kind of liberty, the constitution provides that those who cannot in conscience bear arms, may be excused by paying money. (Cons. art. 7, § 5.) The sum they must pay, has been fixed by the legislature at four dollars a year.

8. There are many rules and regulations for organizing and disciplining the militia, which cannot be given in so small a book. Most of those who read it, however, will in a few years learn these things by personal observation and experience. But it is to be hoped they will never have occasion to learn practically what war is; for whether it is in itself right or wrong, it is a dreadful evil which it is ever desirable to avoid. How much better it would be, if nations should settle their disputes in a peaceable manner, as individuals do! If the love of military honor were less encouraged, and the principles of peace duly inculcated, the time would be hastened when "nations shall learn war no more."

CHAPTER XVI.

Of Towns and their Incorporation; and of Town Meetings.

§ 1. The necessity of dividing a state into towns and counties, has already been shown in part. This necessity will be made still farther to appear. There are sundry regulations necessary to be made in the towns, which the people can better make for themselves than can be done by the legislature. In so doing, they act in the capacity of a simple democracy, which, as has been stated, is a government in which all the citizens meet in one body to do business.

§2. A town is a body corporate, or body politic. A body politic, or corporation, is a number of persons united, and authorized by law to act under one name, and as a single

What provision is made concerning persons who think it wrong to go to war? Is war desirable? What are the evils of war?

$1. What reason is here mentioned for dividing a state into towns? §2.