common opinion, and the like. Only such a survey can be adequate from the sociological point of view, or from any purely scientific point of view.

My criticism of some social surveys in the United States, then, is that they fail to take account sufficiently of these psychological factors. They do not go to work in any intelligent way to study these factors. Of course, the study of these factors is more difficult than the study of the material factors, and I have not time to discuss with you scientific methods by which the study of these factors may be undertaken. But it is evident that these factors are not impossible of scientific study and that they are the real key to the social situation in every community. If more stress were laid upon them, if ways were found out of influencing mind, the dynamic agent in society, I think the complaint of Professor Blackmar regarding the inefficacy of most social reform movements would not need to be made.

I need hardly say that I disagree with Professor Riley's assumption that the desires are the true social forces. Surely Dr. Riley is aware that for at least a dozen years a considerable number of sociologists have protested against this idea. By social forces we can mean, of course, nothing more than the active factors present in any social situation. The word desire is altogether too vague to cover the subjective or psychological factors in the social life. No two sociologists could agree upon the exact connotation which they give to the word. Some use the word desires to mean the native impulses; others mean by it the feelings, and still others, general habits of response of a population. The truth is, this word desire was borrowed by the sociologists, not from the psychologists, but from the economists, who made use of the term in connection with that over-rationalized conception, "the economic man." Desire is a term borrowed from the intellectualistic social philosophy of the early nineteenth century. It is vague in its psychological connotation and altogether inadequate to describe the varied psychological factors in human society. How much, may I ask you, of the phenomena which Professor Vincent has so admirably described for us in his paper on "Group Rivalry" could be interpreted in terms of conscious desire? We must bring the terminology of sociology into accord with the terminology of scientific psychology; and only thus can we take into account and adequately study the various psychological factors in the social life, whether we are making a concrete social survey or giving an abstract statement of theory.

H. COOLEY, UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN

I have found in this paper much that is illuminating and nothing to provoke serious dissent. The leading idea, namely, that the conditions of psychological conflict are chief agents in determining every phase of social life, I believe to be a sound one. Moreover it is one that has been very imperfectly worked out, and to this task Dr. Vincent has made a notable contribution.

I like particularly the moderation and breadth of view that are everywhere felt in this paper. The author does not add to our distraction by injecting apparently original theories for us to puzzle over only to find that there is, after all, nothing new in them. He is not the promoter of any private scheme in which he is trying, for his own advantage, to induce us to take stock. On the contrary the effect of his paper is quiet and harmonizing. He does not try to give new names to old countries, but starting from a point which is already on the maps he has made careful explorations, and given us descriptions of the flora and fauna, which are easily connected with the general body of knowledge.

There is no quality more to be desired in sociological work than the sound and comprehensive judgment that the author shows. In following him one has not the least fear of being led into any extreme or partial view. Everything is seen as part of a large whole and expressed in the simplest terms available.

There are several happy bits of nomenclature in the paper that might well come into general use; as, for instance, the phrase "standing opinion," suggesting that an established way of thought has a competitive function analogous to that of a standing army.

I like also the fulness of concrete and timely illustration that mark Professor Vincent's treatment. It is clear that in his mind the idea of group rivalry is no tenuous theory but a full-blooded conception, a light under which numerous and urgent facts are unified and understood.

The breadth of this paper, its insight and solid judgment are such as to suggest that the author's mind is admirably fitted for such a task as the writing of that "Survey of Sociology" which we have been expecting for some years, and which, it is to be feared, may be indefinitely postponed by the new functions he has now felt called upon to take up. Professor Vincent speaks in his paper of "subtle and indirect devices" used in group conflict, and instances that a group may rob a rival of its leaders by winning them over to its own service. Can it be that a covert attack upon our sociological group is lurking under the recent action of the trustees of the University of Minnesota?

It is to be hoped that this is not the author's last contribution to social theory, but if it should prove to be so, it is one upon which he may rest with honor.

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