second refers to the death of the writer of the the river in three columns, and found the enemy first, at the battle of Germantown: STATTON ISLAND, August 4, 1776. As for my writing you news from this, there has nothing as yet happened since my arrival in America of any consequence, but what by this time you have been fully acquainted with, except the arrival of General Clinton from the southward, where our fleet has suffered a good deal whether by disagreement amongst the land and sea officers or not has not yet transpired; but we have burnt one of our frigates on account of her being so much shattered; two hundred men killed and wounded, forty of whom were killed on Sir P. P.'s quarter-deck, himself wounded in two places, and what is still worse, they did not succeed in silencing the battery. We are now in expectation of attacking the fellows very soon, and if I may be allowed to judge, there never was an army in better spirits nor in better health, two very important things for our present business. There arrived yesterday several ships, two companies of the Guards, three of Hessians, and some Highlanders, so we may expect the whole fleet immediately. I imagine the enemy's chief force is collected at New York, the more the better; it is thought that they mean to burn the town, but I hope they won't be suffered by the people of the province to destroy it. I have not heard from Lord Lindsay, which I most earnestly wish for, but surely they don't think of coming out to America, though my lord and I once talked of it, little thinking how near the time was that one of us was to go. Pray remember me very particularly to your father, mother, and sister; to the Mills's too, and any other of my old acquaintance. And believe me, yours most obliged, MARK ANTHONY MORGAN. Pray write soon. PHILADELPHIA, October 23, 1777. MY DEAR PITT: This campaign, though it began so late in the season, has been the most brilliant one that has been seen in America. General Howe, judging it impossible to carry his troops up the Delaware to Philadelphia, resolved to go round to Chesapeak Bay, and to pass by the lower counties of Pennsylvania to that city. General Clinton, with ten thousand men, was left at New York, and General Burgoyne, with ten thousand more, was on his march from Quebec to Albany. This was the situation of the troops when I arrived at New York. The rebels made a stand near the Brandewyne River, over which our army was obliged to pass. Our troops passed posted on the heights, about two miles from the river. Notwithstanding seventeen miles fatiguing march, they immediately formed and marched on to the attack. The rebels stood their ground until our troops charged them with fixed bayonets, upon which they immediately decamped with great precipitation, and I fancy that hour would have put an end to the Yankee empire, if the darkness of the night and the fatigue of our troops had not rendered any longer pursuit impossible. General Washington was so alarmed that he never stopped to eat or drink till he arrived at Philadelphia, towards which our army then marched. Upon their approach, Washington intended, by sending a party to the other side of the Schuylkill River, to have attacked the rear of our army; but General Howe receiving intelligence of this movement, detached General Grey with about two thousand men, who fell upon them in the night, and bayoneted three hundred and fifty of them in their tents. The rest of them ran away to the main army, and General Howe passed the Skuylkill with his army without molestation, and proceeded to German Town. Lord Cornwallis, with about two thousand men was detached from the army, and took possession of Philadelphia, and about one thousand six hundred men were left at Wilmington with the wounded. To the great astonishment of all the world, on the 14th of October, the rebel army attacked General Howe and his camp, and after an obstinate engagement, beat back the light infantry; but upon the line advancing, they retired, with the loss of about two thousand men. Our loss was about three hundred and fifty killed and wounded. General Agnew, Colonel Bird, and many brave officers fell; among the rest our good friend Morgan, who was shot through the body as he was leading on the light infantry. He died the next day without pain. He was lamented by the whole army, of whom he was the darling, and by no one more sincerely than myself. I found General Howe at German Town. I brought the dispatches to him from General Clinton, and he immediately took me into his family. But he has so many aid-de-camps that I have nothing to do, and have therefore desired to go into the light infantry, which is at present the most active service. I have not as yet had any answer. We cannot quit Philadelphia till our shipping comes up to the town, as they have all the baggage of the army on board, and many other necessaries, without which General Howe cannot proceed. The rebels, before they left Philadelphia, had laid two chevaux-de-frise across the Delaware, and erected two forts to hinder any attempt to raise them. The fort which was in the Jerseys, was abandoned on the approach of our troops; Bank, which is a post the rebels have lately forbut the other is situated upon a marshy island, tified on the Jersey side of the Delaware. The and cannot be attacked by land, which makes it work was so amazingly strong that the Hessians a very tedious business. We have been cannon- could not by any possibility get in, notwithstandading and cannonaded for these ten days, but ing they behaved with very great spirit. We without doing much hurt on either side. The had about five hundred Hessians killed and whole fleet, consisting of thirty-six sail of armed wounded, which is a very considerable loss to vessels, lay between the chevaux-de-frise and the so small an army as General Howe's. The next town, and although they must one day surrender, day, two of our ships, in trying to get near Mud they protract the time as much as possible, as Fort, which is situated to defend the chevaux-dethey thereby stop the proceedings of the cam- frise, ran on shore. The Augusta, of 64 guns, paign. took fire by accident, and after burning about two hours, blew up with a most terrible explosion. The Merlin was set fire to by our own men, as it was impossible ever to get her off ground. Before this accident happened, the rebels sent down six fire-ships, but none of them did any damage to our fleet. The engagement between the row-galleys (a kind of boat with a twentyfour-pounder at the bow) and our shipping, lasted three or four hours; and a continual fire was kept up between the batteries and the fort. Altogether it was the finest scene that can be conceived. I wished for you very much to have been present. Adieu, my dearest friend. The moment the fleet gets up to the town, we shall attack General Washington, and I make no doubt we shall give him a very severe beating. With the dispatches I brought an account of the victory which General Burgoyne had gained over the rebels, who left seven hundred and fifty men dead on the field. Lord Rawdon arrived here night before last, with the news of the taking of Fort Clinton, Fort Montgomery, and Fort Independence. He had made a movement with three thousand men towards Albany, to form a junction with Burgoyne, and in this way had taken these forts. They were all taken by storm, though after a very tedious march and an obstinate defence. I had the ill-luck to lose another of my friends in this affair, Count Grabowski, a Polish nobleman. I believe you knew him at Berlin. He served volunteer, and was shot in six places, he was marching up to the works. He sent his sword to Lord Rawdon, and desired he might know that he died at the head of the British Grenadiers. Yours, ever affectionately, LINDSAY. ter will be sent. EARLY OCCURRENCE OF THE NAME OF This may well be called a most unfortunate war for us all. Hardly an officer but is now I Do not know whether it is worth the space lamenting the loss of one of his brave friends; in your columns, but it may gratify some antiand no man can look at the instruments of their quarian posessor of Irving's "Life of Washingmisfortune without pitying them still more for ton," to have an early, perhaps the earliest, auhaving died by the hands of fellows who have thentic notice of the land in England, from which hardly the form of men, and whose hearts are the grandest name in English history is derived. still more deformed than their figures. The rebel In the first volume of the "Chronicon Monasterii army consists of about sixteen thousand, I mean de Abingdon," published in illustration of mediaunder General Washington-about three thous-val British History, under the direction of the and under Putnam, in the Jerseys, and about six thousand under Gates, in Albany. I should suppose General Howe's to be at present of about twelve thousand men; three thousaud under General Clinton, in the Jerseys; and five thousand under Burgoyne. I will give you my ideas of our future proceedings concerning the war in another sheet, if I can find time; if not, you must form them by looking at the map, which, with your good understanding, you will easily do. I am very sorry that I must finish my letter in a hurry; but the packet goes out to-night, and I have a great deal to do. We have had very bad fortune, since I wrote. General Howe detached two thousand Hessians to take possession of Red Master of the Rolls, by the British Government, This grant of the Anglo-Saxon king, it will be Carta Edgari Regis de Wasingetune. Altitrono in æternum regnante. Universis sophiæ studium intento mentis conamine sedulo rimantibus liquido patescit quod hujus vitæ periculis nimio ingruentibus terrore, recidivi terminis cosmi appropinquare dinoscitur, ut veridica Christi promulgat sententia, qua dicit, "surget gens contra gentem, et regnum adversus regnum," et reliqua. Quamobrem ego Eadgar, totius Brittanniæ basileus, quandam telluris particulaın, xxiiij. videlicet cassatos, loco qui celebri et Wasingatune nuncupatur onomate, cuidam præsuli, qui ab hujusce patriæ gaosticis noto Atheluuold nuncupatur vocabulo, ob æternam animæ meæ remunerationem, perpetua largitus sum hereditate; ut vita comite, voti compos possideat, et post vitæ suæ terminum, quibuscunque voluerit cleronomis inmunem derelinquat. Sit autem prædictum rus omni terrena servitutis jugo liberum, tribus exceptis, rata videlicet expeditione, pontis arcisve restauratione. of mind the study of wisdom, it clearly appeareth that the dangers of this life increasing exceedingly in terror, the term of a fallen world is seen to approach, as the truthful sentence of Christ promulgates, where he saith: "Nation shall rise against nation and kingdom against kingdom," and the rest. Wherefore, I Edgar, monarch of all Britain, for the eternal remuneration of my soul, have granted by perpetual inheritance, a certain particle of land, to wit xxiiij. cassati, in a place which is also styled by the celebrated name Wasingatune, to a certain chief, who is called by the learned gnostics of this country by the known word Atheluuiold; that while life attends him he may possess at his pleasure, and after the term of his life may leave it free to whatsoever heirs he shall choose. And let the aforesaid land be free from every yoke of terrene servitude, three excepted, to wit: military service, repair of bridge, and castle. Si quis igitur hanc nostram donationem in aliud quam constituimus transferre voluerit, privatus a consortio sanctæ Dei ecclesiæ æternis baratri incendiis lugubris jugiter cum Juda Christi prodi- Should any one therefore wish to transfer this tore ejusque complicibus puniatur, si non satis-our donation to any thing but what we have apfactione emendaverit congrua quod nostrum deliquit decretum. His metis præfatum rus hinc inde giratur. [Then follow the "landgemæra to Wasingatuna"-the boundaries, in Anglo-Saxon.] Anno Dominico Incarnationis DCCCCLXIII scripta est hæc carta, his testibus consentientibus quorum inferius nomina caraxantur. + Ego Eadgar, rex Anglorum, concessi. + Ego Dunstan, archiepiscopus, corroboravi. + Ego Oscutel, archiepiscopus, confirmavi. + Ego Osulf, episcopus, consolidavi. + Ego Eadelm, episcopus, adquievi. + Ego Alflere, dux. [et quatuor alii duces.] + Ego Bryhtferth, minister. [et novem alii ministri.] [For the benefit of our readers we annex a translation as nearly literal as possible, though no translation can express the curious interlarding of Greek then so much affected in Ireland and England. The form of the document shows the remote origin of the formulas in the Bulls of the Popes, and the modes of signatures of Bishops in Councils. The taste of the day was for a florid style, and even in the signatures there is a resolute effort not to indulge in any common word or use any repetition. It is extremely curious to find St. Dunstan's name here coupled with Washington.] King Edgar's Grant of Washington. THE LOFTY THRONED REIGNING FOR EVER!To all sedulously pursuing with intent endeavor pointed, may he be deprived of the communion of the holy Church of God, be justly punished in the eternal flames of the lugubrious gulf with Judas the betrayer of Christ and his accomplices, if he do not by due satisfaction amend what he has offended against our decree. Let the aforesaid land be henceforth enjoyed by these bounds. [Then follow "the landgemæra to Wasingatuna," the boundaries, in Anglo-Saxon.] In the year of the Dominical Incarnation DCCCCLXIII was this Charter written, these witnesses consenting, whose names are inscribed below. +I, Eadgar, king of the Angles, have conceded. + I, Dunstan, archbishop, have corroborated. +I, Oscutel, archbishop, have confirmed. +I, Osulf, bishop, have consolidated. +I, Eadelm, bishop, have acquiesced. + I, Alfhere, Duke. [and four other dukes.] + I, Bryhtferth, minister. CONTINENTAL MONEY. (From an Almanac Published in 1777.) AN EXPLANATION OF THE DEVICES ON THE CONTINENTAL BILLS OF CREDIT, WITH CONJECTURES OF THEIR MEANING. AN emblematic device, when rightly formed, is said to consist of two parts-a body and a mind; neither of which is intelligible without the aid of the other. The figure is called the body; the motto, the mind. These, that I am about to consider, appear formed on that rule, and seem to relate to the present struggle between the Colonies and the parent State, for liberty, property, and safety, on the one hand; for absolute power and plunder, on the other. stopped, the wounds of that hand healed, and its future operation directed by wisdom and equity; so shall the hawthorn flourish and form a hedge around it, annoying with her thorns only its invading enemies. Another has the figure of a beaver, gnawing a large tree, with this motto: PERSEVERANDOBy perseverance." I apprehend the great tree On one denomination of the bills there is a may be intended to represent the enormous figure of a harp, with this motto: MAJORA MI-power Britain has assumed over us, and endeavNORIBUS CONSONANT-literally, "The greater and smaller ones sound together." As the harp is an instrument composed of great and sinall strings, included in a strong frame, and also so tuned as to agree in concord with each other, I conceive that the frame may be made to represent our new government by a Continental Congress, and the strings of different length and substance, either the several Colonies of different weight and force, or the various marks of people in all of them, who are now united by that government in the most perfect harmony. On another bill is impressed a wild boar of the forest, rushing on the spear of the hunter, with this motto: AUT MORS AUT VITA DECORA; which may be translated-“Death or Liberty." The wild boar is an animal of great strength and courage, armed with long and sharp tusks, which he well knows how to use in his own defence. He is inoffensive while suffered to enjoy his freedom, but when roused and wounded by the hunter, often turns and makes him pay dearly for his temerity. On another is drawn an eagle on the wing pouncing upon a crane, who turns upon his back and receives the eagle upon the point of his long bill, which pierces the eagle's breast; with this motto: EXITUS IN DUBIO EST-"The event is uncertain." The eagle, I suppose, represents Great Britain, the crane, America; this device offers an admonition to each of the contending parties. To the Crane, not to depend too much upon the success of its endeavors to avoid the contest (by petition, negotiation, &c.), but to prepare for using the means God and nature hath given it; and to the Eagle, not to presume on its strength, since a weaker bird may wound it mortally. Sunt dubii eventus, incertaque praelia martis : Vincitur, haud raro, qui prope victor erat. On another bill, we have a thorn, which a hand seems attempting to eradicate; the hand appears to bleed, as pricked by the spines. The motto is SUSTINE VEL ABSTINE; which may be rendered "Bear with me or let me alone," or thus: Either support or leave me." The bush, I suppose, to mean, America, and the bleeding hand, Britain. Would to God that bleeding were ors by force of arms to tax us at pleasure, and bind us in all cases whatsoever; or the exorbitant profits she makes by monopolizing our commerce. Then the beaver, which is known to be able, by assiduous and steady working, to fell large trees, to signify America; which by perseverance in her present measures, will probably reduce that power within proper bounds, and, by establishing the most necessary manufactures among ourselves, abolish the British monopoly. On another bill we have the plant Acanthus, sprouting on all sides, under a weight placed upon it, with the motto, DEPRESSA RESURGIT-"Though oppressed, it rises." The ancients tell us, that the sight of such an accidental circumstance, gave the first hint to an architect in forming the beautiful capital of the Corinthian column. This perhaps was intended to encourage us, by representing that our present oppressions will not destroy us; but that they may, by increasing our industry and forcing it into new courses, increase the prosperity of our country, and establish that prosperity on the base of liberty, and the wellproportioned pillar of property, elevated for a pleasing spectacle to all connoisseurs who can take delight in the architecture of human happiness. The figures of a hand and flail, over sheaves of wheat, with the motto, TRIBULATIO DITAT— "Threshing improves it" (which we find printed on another of the bills), may perhaps be intended to admonish us, that though at present we are under the flail, its blows, how hard soever, will be rather advantageous than hurtful to us; for they will bring forth every grain of genius and merit in arts, manufactures, war, and council, that are now concealed in the husk, and then the breath of a breeze, will be sufficient to separate us from all the chaff of toryism. Tribulation too, in our English sense of the word, improves the mind, it makes us humble, and tends to make us wiser. And threshing, in one of its senses, that of beating, often improves those that are threshed. Many an unwarlike nation have been beaten into heroes, by troublesome, warlike neighbors; and the continuance of a war, though it lessens the numbers of a people, often increases its strength, by increased discipline and consequent courage of the number remaining. Thus England, after ment of marble. her civil war, in which her people threshed one vere to the end in well doing; and with a long another, became more formidable to her neigh-duration of that honor, expressed by the monubors. The public distress too, that arises from war, by increasing frugality and industry, often gives habits that remain after the war is over, and thereby naturally enriches those on whom it has enforced those enriching virtues. Another of the bills has for its device, a storm descending from a black, heavy cloud, with the This motto, SERENABIT-"It will clear up." seems designed to encourage the dejected, who may be too sensible of present inconveniences, and fear their continuance. It reminds them, agreeably to the adage, that after a storm comes a calm; or as Horace more elegantly has it: Informes hyemes reducit, Jupiter idem summovit, Non si male nunc, et olim Sic erit Neque semper arcum tendit Apollo. A learned friend of mine thinks this device inore particularly addressed to the Congress. He says, that the ancients composed for their heroes a wreath of laurel, oak, and olive twigs interwoven; agreeably to the distich: E lauro, quercu, atque olea, duce, digna Corona. Of laurel, as that tree was dedicated to Apollo, and understood to signify knowledge and prudence; of oak, as pertaining to Jupiter, and expressing fortitude; of olive, as the tree of Pallas, and as a symbol of peace. The whole to show, that those who are intrusted to conduct the affairs of mankind, should act prudently and firmly; retaining, above all, a pacific disposition. This wreath was first placed upon an altar, to admonish the hero who was to be crowned with it, that true glory is founded on, and proceeds from piety. My friend, therefore, thinks that the present device might intend a wreath of that composite kind, though from the smallness of the work, the engraver could not mark distinctly the differing leaves. And he is rather confirmed in his opinion that this is designed as an admonition to the Congress, when he is considering the passage in Horace, from whence the motto is taken: Rex eris aium On another bill, there is stamped the representation of a tempestuous sea; a face with swollen cheeks, wrapt up in a black cloud, appearing to blow violently on the waters, the waves high, and all rolling one way. The motto, VI CONCITATE- -which may be rendered, "Raised by force." From the remotest antiquity, in figurative language, great waters have signified the people, and waves an insurrection. The people of themselves are supposed as naturally inclined to be still, as the waters to remain level and quiet. Their rising here does not appear to be from any internal cause, but from an external power, expressed by the head Eolus, god of the winds (or Boreas, the north wind, as usually the most violent), acting furiously upon them. The To which also Antonius alludes: black cloud, perhaps, designs the British Parliament, and the waves the Colonies. Their rolling all in one direction, shows that the very force used against them, has produced their unanimity. On the reverse of this bill, we have a smooth sea; the sails of a ship on that sea hanging loose, show a perfect calm; the sun shining fully denotes a clear sky. The motto is CESSANTE VENTO CONQUIESCEMUS "The wind ceasing, we shall be quiet." Supposing my explanation of the pre- AN article having appeared in the Buffalo Comceding device to be right, this will import, that mercial Advertiser, calling attention to the prowhen these violent acts of power, which have priety of erecting some memorial over his remains, aroused the Colonies, are repelled, they will re-a correspondent addressed to that paper the folturn to their former tranquillity. Britain seems thus charged with being the sole cause of the present civil war, at the same time that the only mode for putting an end to it, is thus plainly pointed out to her. The last is a wreath of laurel on a marble monument or altar; the motto, SI RECTE "If you act rightly." This seems intended as an encouragement to a brave and steady conduct in defence of our liberties, as it promises to crown with honor, by the laurel wreath, those who perseHIST. MAG. VOL. V. 10 Si recte faciet, non qui dominatur erit rex. Not the king's Parliament who act wrong; but the people's Congress, if it act right, shall govern America. THE GRAVE OF RED JACKET. 66 lowing, which after saying that the first writer was evidently laboring under the mistaken idea that the remains of the Indian Orator still rest where they were originally buried, proceeds: They were long since removed to the Cattaraugus Reservation, the home of the once proud and powerful nation of the Senecas. "The circumstances attending their removal excited much interest at the time, and still remain in the memory of many. "Copway, the Indian author and lecturer, |