and soldier-like air and manner of Standish; the devout Brewster, the enterprising Allerton, the general firmness and thoughtfulness of the whole band; their conscious joy for dangers escaped; their high religious faith, full of confidence and antici pation-all of these seem to belong to this place, and to be present on this occasion, to fill us with reverence and admiration.D. WEBSTER. C. S.

C.

To be resign'd when ills betide,
Patient when favors are denied,

And pleased with favors given;
Dear Chloe, this is wisdom's part,
This is that incense of the heart,
Whose fragrance smells to heaven.

Dr. COTTON. C. S.

Note III-a. The court condemned the criminals, a part of them to suffer death, and a part to transportation. C. S.

b. Two thousand auditors listened, all with admiration, many with enthusiasm, to the eloquent exposition of doctrines intelligible only to the few.-Sir WILLIAM HAMILTON. C. S.

Note IV.-William the Conqueror's victory at the battle of Hastings decided the fate of England. C. S.

Note V.-Information was lodged at the mayor's office, the well-known and energetic magistrate. C. S.

Note VI.-I, Victoria, Queen of England, make my proclamation. C. S.

Note VII.—a. The mountain, Vesuvius, poured forth a torrent of lava from its deep bosom. C. S.

b. The Connecticut River rose higher in the spring of 1854 than it has since the memory of man.

C. S.

c. The city of London was known to the ancients by the name of Lugdunum. C. S.

Note VIII. Besides his practical wisdom, he was well versed in school learning.

C. S.

PROMISCUOUS

EXERCISES

ON NOUNS.

§ 489. In these exercises the pupil is expected,

a. To mention the several nouns in the example.

b. To state whether the example affords an instance of cor rect syntax or of false.

c. To repeat the rule or note which sanctions or condemns the use of each noun.

1. Bad men they often honor virtue at the bottom of their hearts.

MODEL. Men, virtue, bottom, hearts, are common nouns.

This example affords an instance of false syntax in the use of the noun men without a verb, which is condemned by note third under rule first, "Superfluous nominatives should be avoided in common language."

Virtue is a common noun in the objective case, according to rule third, "A noun depending on the transitive verb is in the objective case."

Bottom is a common noun in the objective case after at, according to note fourth under rule third, "A noun depending on a preposition is in the objective case."

Hearts is parsed like bottom, and depends on the preposition of, as above.

2.

O Caledonia! stern and wild;

Meet nurse for a poetic child!

Land of brown heath and shaggy wood;
Land of the mountain and the flood;

Land of my sires! What mortal hand

Can e'er untie the filial band

That knits me to thy rugged strand!-W. SCOTT.

3. How shall I speak of the old man, the bequeather of the

fatal legacy to St. Leon, and his few fatal words, "Friendless, friendless! alone, alone!"

4. Light illumines every thing, the lowly valley as well as the lofty mountain; it fructifies every thing, the humblest herb as well as the lordliest tree.-HARE.

Here valley is in apposition with thing.

5. Thales' answer to the proposed question was not thought so good as Solon's.

6. Whose works are these? They are Cicero's, the most cloquent of men's.

7. The time of William making the experiment at length arrived.

8. The prerogative's extent of England's king is sufficiently ascertained.

CHAPTER III.

SYNTAX OF THE ADJECTIVE.

§ 490. RULE V.—ADJECTIVES qualify or limit Substantives and words used as Substantives; as, "A wise man;" "he is good;" "many (persons) adopted this opinion."

When the noun to which the adjective belongs is not expressed, it is said to be understood, as in the last example just given. Note I.-Adjectives are used in two ways: first, ATTRIBU TIVELY; as, "A good man died;" second, PREDICATIVELY; as, "He is good." In the first instance, the quality of goodness is Assumed as belonging to the subject of the verb; in the second place, it is Asserted. In the first instance, the adjective good qualifies the Grammatical subject of the proposition; in the second, it constitutes the Predicate of the proposition.

In the proposition a good man is a merciful man, the adjective good qualifies the Grammatical subject of the proposition, and the adjective merciful qualifies the Grammatical predicate of the proposition. The noun and adjective, good man, taken together, as expressing an idea, is the logical subject; and the noun and adjective, merciful man, taken together, is the logical predicate of the proposition. "Nature has made some of you larger and stronger than others."-Nuces Philosophica. Here larger and stronger make a part of the logical predicate. See § 450.

Note II.-Adjectives belong to verbs in the Infinitive mode, which are equivalent to nouns; as, "To see is pleasant;" "to ride is more agreeable than to walk.”

In the sentences "to be blind is unfortunate;" "to be wise is desirable,” the adjectives blind and wise coalesce with the substantive verb to be, and thus become equivalent, the one to the Greek infinitive rupλTTεv, and the other to the Latin infinitive capere, either of which can supply the place of a noun. The combinations to be blind, to be wise, compared with a simple infinitive, resemble the combination was victorious, in which have a substantive verb and an adjective, a copula

and a predicate, compared with the verb conquered, in which we have the copula and the predicate united in one word.

It is a question how the phrases "to set light by," "to make bold with,” etc., should be parsed. They are equivalent to cer tain verbs to set light by to despise. In some languages, the phrase would be formed into a compound verb. It should be regarded as really such in our own. To make bold with is

an idiom that should not be encouraged.

Note III.-Adjectives often belong to those forms of the pariciples which are used as nouns; as, "Walking is agreeable;" loud talking is offensive."

Note IV.-Adjectives belong to Sentences, or whole Proposi tions: "Greece, which had submitted to the arms, in her turn subdued the understandings of the Romans, and, contrary to that which in these cases commonly happens, the conquerors adopted the opinions and manners of the conquered."-ENFIELD'S Hist. Phil., b. iii., 1. "Writers and critics, misapprehending the true construction of these and similar sentences, have supposed the attributive to belong to the verb, denoting the manner of action. But a little attention to the sense of such passages will be sufficient to detect the mistake. For instance, in the example from Enfield, the attributive contrary can not qualify the verb adopted; for the conquerors did not adopt the opinions of the conquered in a manner contrary to what usually happens; the manner of the act is not the thing affirmed, nor does it come into consideration. The sense is this, the fact that the conquerors adopted the opinions and manners of the conquered was contrary to what commonly happens in like The attributive belongs to the whole sentence or proposition. The same explanation is applicable to every simple sentence. It is not necessary to regard adjectives in such sentences as adverbs, or to change them to adverbs."-WEBSTER, p. 108.

cases.

If a sentence or part of a sentence can so far supply the place of a noun as to be the subject of a verb and the antecedent of a pronoun, why may it not also have an adjective belonging to it?

Note V.-Adjectives are sometimes used to modify the mean ing of other adjectives; as, "The iron was red hot; "the ship was quick sailing." These should be regarded as virtually compound adjectives, whether joined by a hyphen or not. Pal.

ticiples are used in the same way; as, "In came Squire South, stark, staring mad."-ARBUTHNOT. So we meet with "Roaring drunk;" "loving jealous;" "bloody with spurring, fiery red with speed."

Note VI.-An adjective and a noun may be taken as a compound word, which, as such, may admit of an additional adjective; as, "An elegant young man." The relation in this case is Subordinate; for the adjective young and the noun man form but one idea, which is more definitely defined by the adjective elegant. In the expression, "He is an elegant and a young man," the relation is co-ordinate.

Note VII." Many English verbs take an adjective with them to form the predicate, where an adverb would be used in other languages;" as, "He fell ill;" "he looks pale," "he feels cold;""he grew warm;" "her smiles amid the blushes lovelier show;" "glows not her blush the fairer ?" In these instances, the predicate is formed partly by the verb and partly by the adjective.

In proof of this doctrine, which is advocated by ARNOLD, Dr. WEBSTER had furnished a long list of examples, with comments. In order to understand how the doctrine can be true, it should be borne in mind that a Common verb contains in itself an attributive element or an adjective; and, as one adjective can combine with another when separate from the verb, so it may when it is an element in the verb. See § 513.

Note VIII. The adjectives like, nigh, near, next, are followed by the objective case. In the expression this is like him, the original power of the dative remains, though in current language him is in the accusative case. This is inferred, 1. From the fact that, in most languages that have inflections to a sufficient extent, the word meaning like governs a dative case; 2. That if we ever use any preposition at all to express similitude, it is the preposition to; like to me. Some grammarians prefer considering the preposition to understood as the governing word.

Note IX.-Adjectives are often used as Substantives, especially when preceded by the definite article or the demonstrative pronouns, and sometimes take the sign of the plural; as, "The wise;" "the deep;" "tho sublime;" "these evils of war;" "those goods of fortune;" "these sweets of life."