consideration as much as in this, "Ask him for a guinea;" or in this, "ask him to go."

In the following we have a variety of the same construction: "Did I request the Maker from my clay

To mold me man?"-MILTON, X., 744.

Note 3. Nouns in the objective case follow certain verbs in the Passive voice, namely, the verbs mentioned in the preceding note as governing two objectives in the active voice; as, "I was offered a lucrative situation," "I was promised a ship in five days;" "I was allowed great liberty."

Note 4. A noun depending on a Preposition is in the objective case; as, "La Fayette in his youth came to America."

Note 5. Nouns denoting Duration of time or Extent of space, or Amount of weight or number, often stand without a governing word in the objective case; as, "Jacob said, I will serve thee seven years for Rachel;" "A kingdom five hundred miles square;" "A guinea weighs five pennyweights six grains;" "Water ten feet deep ;" "An army forty thousand strong." "You have asked me news a hundred times."-Pope. In these instances, the words denoting time, and space, and number, though not preceded by a transitive verb or a preposition, naturally belong to the objective combination, and may be parsed in the objective case, just as similar words in the ancient Gothic languages and in the classical were put in the accusative, as shown by the case-ending.

Note 6. WORTH not only follows the noun which it qualifies, but is followed by a noun denoting price; as, "The book is worth a dollar."

Note 7. The objective case follows the adjectives like, nigh, near, next. See § 552, 10.

COLLOCATION.

§ In English the Objective Case follows the verb or preposition upon which it depends. See Exceptions in § 514 and § 552.

APPOSITION.

§ 451. RULE IV.-A Noun placed after another noun to explain it, is by APPOSITION put in the same case; as, "Hope,

Ни

the star of life, never sets;" "this sentiment is Lord Bacon's, the great precursor of Locke and Newton;" "this was the remark of Dr. Edwards, him who was afterward President of Union College."

Note 1. The words in apposition explain each other. If we say simply the Apostle, we do not sufficiently explain our selves, since we may mean Peter or John. If we say simply Paul, we do not sufficiently explain ourselves, since we may mean Paul the Czar of Russia, or any one whose name is Paul. But if we say Paul the Apostle, we explain what Paul and what Apostle is meant. Words which thus explain each other, and are in the same case, may be said to be placed side by side, or to be in apposition, according to the meaning of the Latin word appositio. In cases of apposi tion, there seems to be an ellipsis of who is, who was, and the like. The second noun is used attributively, like an adjec tive. The leading noun is parsed as in the nominative, possessive, or objective case, and the following noun as in apposition with that. When a word is repeated for the sake of emphasis, it may be said to be in apposition; as, "Cisterns, broken cisterns that can hold no water." This is, however,

a rhetorical form. See § 635.

Note 2. Nouns are sometimes set in apposition to WHAT EVER STANDS IN THE PLACE OF A NOUN; as, "You write very carelessly, a habit you must correct." Here you write very carelessly—you have the habit of writing carelessly. “You are too humane and considerate, things few people can be charged with."-Pope. Here the words humane and consid erate suggest to the mind the same thought which humanity and consideration would, and accordingly the word things is put in apposition with them. In the following sentence, a noun in the Plural stands in apposition to two nouns in the Singular, joined by a disjunctive Conjunction: "The terms of our law will hardly find words that answer to them in the Spanish or Italian, no scanty languages."

Note 3. The WHOLE and its PARTS, or a PART, are often found in the same case by apposition; as, "The whole army fled, some one way and some another." "They love each other." Here each is in the nominative case in apposition

with they, and other is in the objective case. "They helped one another." Here one is in apposition with they, and another is in the objective case.

Note 4. Two or more substantives forming one COMPLEX NAME, or a NAME and TITLE, have a plural termination, and the sign of the possessive annexed to the last of the words; as, "The Miss Smiths;" "the two Mr. Thompsons;" "his brother John's wife;" "John the Baptist's head." Instead of the "Miss Smiths," some prefer to annex the sign of the plural to the first word, the "Misses Smith." In some cases we have the sign annexed to both, namely, the Misses Smiths.

Note 5. When the explanatory term is Complex or long, or when there are more explanatory terms than one, the sign of the possessive is affixed to the first noun; as, "I called at Putnam's, the well-known publisher and bookseller."

When a Short explanatory term is subjoined to the name, it matters little to which the sign is applied. Usage is divided. Thus, we may say, "I left the parcel at Putnam the Bookseller's;" or, "at Putnam's the Bookseller." Analogy with those languages in which case-endings abound would lead us to say, "Putnam's the Bookseller's."

Note 6. Personal pronouns are sometimes used in apposition, for the purpose of identifying the person of a noun; as, "We, the people of the United States."

§ 452. Two nouns may come together though not in apposition, and though neither of them is in the Genitive case; as, A sun beam; a sea nymph. These are, in fact, compound terms, and a hyphen should be employed to connect the parts, or else the substantive performs the office of an adjective. Whether the hyphen should be used or not must depend on the accent. Thus, we must say Glass'-house, if we speak of a house for the manufacture of glass; but we say Gláss house, if we speak of a house made of glass. For the use of the hyphen, see § 738.

EXERCISES IN THE SYNTAX OF THE

SUBSTANTIVE.

In the following examples, F. S. stands for False Syntax, which is to be corrected by the learner, and the rule or note given for its correction. C. S. stands for Correct Syntax, and

=

the appropriate rule or note is to be given with its partic
ular application. The parallel marks indicate Gram-
matical Equivalents, which are to be given by the pupil.
$453. RULE I.-Them are the books which I sent for.
F. S.

1. O full of all subtilty and mischief, thee child of the Devil. F. S.

2. There being many other passages relative to the subject, he refuses to make a premature decision.

=

3. My Friends, do they now and then send a wish or a thought after me? C. S.

4. The Royal Exchange. The Duke of Wellington. C.S.

5. Thus Satan; and him thus the Anarch old,
With faltering speech, and visage incomposed,
Answered. C. S.

6. Who first drew lightning from the sky? Franklin. § 454. RULE II-A mother tenderness and a father's care are nature's gifts for man advantage. F. S.

1. Shall I go to the President's this evening? C. S. 2. Peter's, John's, and Andrew's occupation was that of fishermen.

F. S.

3. This measure gained the King as well as the people's approbation. F. S.

4. England's glory he promoted.

5. This is a discovery of Sir Isaac Newton's. C. S. 6. This coolness was occasioned by the Queen intercepting certain letters. F. S.

7. The Bishop's of London charge gave offense. F. S.
8. He fought for America's liberty.

9. The love of Christ

and

10. The extent of the prerogative of the King of England is sufficiently ascertained.

F. S.

The Father's brother's daughter.

F. S.

11. He pointed out James's son and Justus' son. C. S.

§ 455. RULE III.—They who he had most injured he had the greatest reason to love. F. S.

1. Let us run with patience the race set before us.
2. I shall ask him the question. C. S.

C. S.

God seems to have made him what he was. C. S.
3. I was taught Grammar. C. S.

She would not accept the jewels, though she was offered them. C. S.

4. In his distress he, for the first time, called upon God. C. S.

5. He traveled forty miles yesterday. C. S.

He has been waiting here seven days. C. S.

6. The watch is worth fifty dollars. C. S.

§ 456. RULE IV.-The lines are from Cicero the orator and statesman. C. S.

Virtue sole survives,

Immortal, never-failing friend to man,

His guide to happiness on high. C. S.

1. George, King of England. C. S.

2. The Dutch were formerly in possession of the coasting trade and freight of almost all other leading nations; they were also the Bankers for all Europe; advantages by which they gained immense sums. C. S.

3. The Court condemned the criminals, a part of them to suffer death, and a part to transportation. C. S.

4. William the Conqueror's victory at the battle of Hastings. C. S.

5. Information was lodged at the Mayor's office, the wellknown and energetic magistrate. C. S.

6. I, Victoria, Queen of England, make my proclamation. C. S.

§ 457. He is well versed in school learning. C. S.

СНАРТER III.

SYNTAX OF THE ADJECTIVE.

§ 458. RULE V.—ADJECTIVES belong to Substantives and to words used as Substantives; as, "A wise man ;" "Many (persons) adopted this opinion;" "He is good."

When the