(1.) Having its original force of an adverb; as, Antecedent, going before; anticipate, to act before another. (2.) As a preposition, with its complement; as, Antelucan, being before light. 5. Circum, around: (1.) Having its original force of an adverb; as, Circumspect, to look round. (2.) As a preposition, with its complement; as, Circumforaneous, going about from door to door. 6. Cis, on this side, as a preposition, with its complement; as, Cisalpine, on this side of the Alps. 7. Contra, against, having its original force of an adverb; as, Contradict, to speak against. 8. Cum, with, in its different forms co, col, com, con, cor; as, Cohere, collude, commit, contend, corrode; and having its original force of an adverb; as, Convoke, to call together; contend, to strive against. 9. De, from: (1.) Having its original force of an adverb; as, Deduce, to bring from; deject, to cast down; detect, to uncover. (2.) As a preposition, with its complement; as, Dethrone, to remove from a throne; deprave, to make wicked. 10. Di or dis, apart, used as an adverb; as, Distract, to draw apart; disobey, to refuse to obey. 11. E or ex, out of: (1.) Having its original force of an adverb; as, Eject, to cast out; exscind, to cut off; exceed, to go beyond; exclaim, cry aloud. to (2.) As a preposition, with its complement; as, Enucleate, to free from the kernel. 12. Extra, beyond: (1.) Having its original force of an adverb; as, Extravagant, liter. wandering beyond limits. (2.) As a preposition, with its complement; as, Extraordinary, out of the common order. 13. In, in, in its different forms il, im, in, ir; as, Illumine, impose, incur, irrigate. (1.) Having its original force of an adverb; as, Inject, to cast in; impose, to place upon; impend, to hang over; de noting intensity; as, Incite, to stir up; denoting negation; as, Inactive. (2.) As a preposition, with its complement; as, Illumine, to set in light; incarcerate, to put into prison; irradiate, to affect with rays. 14. Intro, within, having its original force of an adverb; as, Introduce, to bring in. 15. Inter, between : (1.) Having its original force of an adverb; as, Intervene, to come between; interdict, to forbid. (2.) As a preposition, with its complement; as, Internode, the space between two joints of a plant. 16. Ob, against, in its different forms ob, oc, of, op; as, Obtain, occur, offer, oppose; and having its original force of an adverb; as, Oppose, to place against. 17. Per, through, as an adverb; as, Perforate, to bore through; denoting negation; as, Perfidious, faithless. 18. Post, after: (1.) Having its original force of an adverb; as, Postscript, something written after. (2.) As a preposition, with its complement; as, Post-meridian, in the afternoon. 19. Pre, before, as an adverb; as, Prefix, to put before. 20. Pro, before, as an adverb; as, Provide, to look before; produce, to bring forth. 21. Preter, beyond: (1.) Having its original force of an adverb; as, Pretermit, to pass by. (2.) As a preposition, with its complement; as, Preternatural, beyond what is natural. 22. Re, back, as an adverb; as, Revolve, to roll back. 23. Retro, backward, as an adverb; as, Retrocede, to go backward. 24. Se, apart; as, Secede, to go apart. 25. Sub, under, in its different forms sub, suc, suf, sup; as, Subject, succumb, suffer, suppose. (1.) Having its original force of an adverb; as, Subject, to bring under; denoting diminution; as, Subacid, a little (2.) As a preposition, with its complement; as, Subterranean, under the earth. 26. Super, over: (1.) Having its original force of an adverb; as, Superadd, to add over; superscribe, to write on the outside. (2.) As a preposition, with its complement; as, Supercargo, one placed over the cargo. 27. Subter, under, having its original force of an adverb; as, Subterfluent, flowing under; subterfuge, liter. a fleeing under. 28. Trans and tra, beyond, over; as, Transpose, trajection. (1.) Having its original force of an adverb; as, Transpose, to put in another place; transgress, to go beyond; translucent, shining through; transform, to change the form. (2.) As a preposition, with its complement; as, Transmarine, living beyond the sea. 29. Ultra, beyond, as a preposition, with its complement; as, Ultramarine, situated beyond the sea. THE INSEPARABLE PARTICLE "RE." § 354. The force of this Latin particle is seen in the derivative adverb retro, back, behind, and in reque proque, back and forth, whence Latin reciprocus. Its significations as a prefix are as follows: 1. Back or behind; as, Remain, to stay behind; relinquish, to leave behind; respect, to look back or behind, hence to keep in view; Latin remitto, to throw back; reject, to cast back or behind, hence to slight; Latin recalcitro, to kick back or behind. 2. Back, in the contrary direction, or simply to the point started from; as, Retain, to hold back; recede, to move back; return, to go back; refluent, flowing back; refulgent, shining back; resplendent, shining back; rebound, to spring back; reflect, to turn back; recall, to call back; retract, to draw back; refute, to drive back, hence to disprove; rebut, to drive back, hence to answer; repel, to drive back. 3. The throwing back of a covering; as, Retection, an uncovering; reply, to unfold, hence to answer. 4. Repetition of a former action, or going back to a former state; as, Reassemble, rebuild, relax, resolvę, rescind, rewrite. 5. Reciprocity in reference to a preceding act; as, Rebellow, to bellow in return; re-echo, to echo back; respond, to promise in return, hence to answer; remunerate, to give a present in return. 6. Retribution in reference to moral desert; as, Recom pense, to weigh in return, hence to reward; render, to give in return; retribute, to give in return; reward, to give in return. 7. An undoing; as, Resign, to break or cancel the seal; refel, to remove the illusion; recant, recall, renounce. 8. Against; as, Repugnant, fighting against, hence opposite; resist, to stand against; reluct, to struggle against. 9. Away; as, Remove, to move away. 10. Aside, apart; as, Reserve, to keep aside or apart. It is remarkable that Mr. Richardson, in his New English Dictionary, should say that "re, in composition, means ere, before; as, to react, (sc.) any thing acted before, and conse quently to act again." No explanation could be wider from the fact. ROMANIC SUFFIXES. Ish. § 355. The English verbal suffix -ish, (Italian -isc, Spanish and Portuguese -ec, French -iss,) is found in words of Romanic origin, and is derived from the Latin -asco, -esco, -isco, -osco, but has not retained its inchoative signification. 1. In verbs found in Latin; as, Flourish, languish, abolish. 2. In Romanic verbs from Latin roots; as, Accomplish, admonish, astonish, blandish, cherish, demolish, diminish, embellish, enfamish, empoverish, establish, extinguish, famish, finish, minish, nourish, perish, polish, ravish, rejoice, relinquish, stablish, varnish, vanquish. 3. In Romanic verbs of uncertain origin; as, Banish, brandish, burnish, furbish, furnish, garnish, lavish, tarnish, varnish. Esque. The Romanic suffix esque, (Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese esco, Provençal and Wallachian esc, French esque,) is another form for the Teutonic adjective suffix ish, (Gothic isks, Old German and Anglo-Saxon isc, Old Norse skr, German isch, Danish and Swedish isk,) and is found in a few words relating to art, derived from the Italian through the French. Examples: Arabesque, (Italian and Portuguese arabesco, French arabesque, German arabeske,) literally Arabic, hence something in the Arabic style or manner. Burlesque, (Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese burlesco, French burlesque, German burlesk,) exciting sport or derision by mingling things high and low. Grotesque, (Italian grottesco, Spanish and Portuguese grutesco, French grotesque, German grotesk,) like a subterraneous cave, wildly formed. Moresque, (Italian and Spanish morisco, Portuguese moresco, French moresque,) literally Moorish, hence something in the Moorish style or manner. Picturesque, (Italian pittoresco, Spanish pintoresco, French pittoresque,) like a picture. Eer. The English suffix eer, (Latin arius, French aire, ier,) is found in some words derived from the Latin and French, and denotes the acting subject; as, Auctioneer, from Latin auctionarius. Bucaneer, from French boucanier. Charioteer, from French charretier. В в |