V. The prefix be is used in certain contractions, which are not proper compositions.

1. Before certain particles or adjectives of place; as, Beneath, (Anglo-Saxon benydan,) below, before, (Anglo-Saxon beforan,) behind, (Anglo-Saxon behindan,) beyond, (AngloSaxon begeondan;) also, but, (Anglo-Saxon butan,) about, (Anglo-Saxon abutan,) above, (Anglo-Saxon abufan).

2. Before nouns of place and other nouns; as, Because, "by the cause or reason;" bechance, "by chance ;" beside, "by the side;" betimes, "by times;" between and betwixt, "by the two."

§ 349. The inseparable preposition for primarily denotes forth or away, and is probably connected with the verb fare, (Anglo-Saxon faran, past for, part. faren,) to go on, forth, or away. It is employed,

1. In the simple sense of removal; as, German versenden, Anglo-Saxon forsendan, to send forth or away; German vertreiben, Anglo-Saxon fordrifan, Old English fordrive, to drive forth or away; German verdammen, Anglo-Saxon fordeman, to deem or doom away, to condemn; German verbieten, Anglo-Saxon forbeodan, English forbid, to bid forth or away, to prohibit; Anglo-Saxon forberan, English forbear, to bear forth, hold from, abstain; Anglo-Saxon forsacan, English forsake, to seek away, to desert; Old English forhail, to hale or drag away.

2. With the accessory idea of disappearing; as, German verrauchen, to reek away, to evaporate; German versinken, to sink away, to disappear; German verspielen, to play away, to lose by playing; German vergleichen, to level away; German vergeben, Anglo-Saxon forgifan, English forgive, to give away, or out of sight, (compare Latin remitto, French pardonner); German vergessen, Anglo-Saxon forgitan, English forget, to get, i. e., let go away, to lose from the mind; German verthun, Anglo-Saxon fordon, Old English fordo, to do away, to undo.

3. With the accessory idea of going wrong (=astray); as, German verleiten, Anglo-Saxon forlædan, to lead astray;

English forjudge, to judge wrongfully; Anglo-Saxon for swerian, English forswear, to swear falsely.

4. With the accessory idea of entireness (=off, out, ulterly); as, Old English forbuy, to buy off; Old English forbreak, to break off; Old English forcarve, to carve off; Old English forcut, to cut off; Old English forwear, to wear out; Old English forweary, to weary out; Old English fordrunken, utterly drunken; Old English fordry, utterly dry; Old English forbathed, utterly bathed; Old English forlore and forlorn, utterly lost.

Besides these uses, the prefix for has sometimes the sig nification of the preposition for; as, Forsooth; and sometimes the import of fore; as, Forlie, forward; Old English forgherd, the fore yard.

THE ENGLISH PREFIX "MIS."

§ 350. 1. Corresponding Forms in other Languages.—Gothic missa; Old German missa, missi, misse, mis; Ger man misse, miss; Dutch mis; Icelandic mis; Swedish miss; Danish mis; Anglo-Saxon mis; Scotch mys, mis. Compare Low Latin mis; Provençal mens, mes; Italian mis; Spanish and Portuguese menos; French més, mé. This prefix is common to the Teutonic and Latin languages, but derived by us from the Teutonic.

2. Origin. This prefix is connected on the one side with Old German missan, German and Dutch missen, Icelandic missa, Swedish mista, Danish miste, Anglo-Saxon missian, English to miss, to be wanting, to err, to fail; and on the other side with Greek μview, Latin minuo, to lessen.

3. Signification.-(1.) This prefix usually signifies amiss, wrong; whether in a physical sense; as, Misshape, to shape ill; in an intellectual sense; as, Mistake, to take wrong; or in a moral sense; as, Misdo, to do wrong.

(2.) It sometimes gives to a word the directly opposite sense, and is then equivalent to the prefix un or dis; as, Gothic missaleiks, unlike, different; German misstrauen, to distrust; Anglo-Saxon miswurdhian, to dishonor; French méconnaître, to forget; English misaffect, to dislike; misattend, to neglect; misbecome, to be unbecoming; misbeseem,

to be unfitting; miscreant, unbelieving; misintelligence, disagreement; mislike, to dislike; misrule, disorder; misseem, to be unbecoming; mistrust, to distrust.

(3.) It occurs also in the malformation misdoubt, as if to doubt through misbelief.

4. Use.

The words compounded with this prefix, in respect to their origin and their relation to the English language, may be classified and arranged as follows:

(1.) Words of Teutonic origin: (1.) radical verbs with the strong or internal inflection, and their compounds; as, conjug. i. misbecome, misspeak; conjug. iii. misgive; conjug. iv. misshape, misunderstand, mistake; conjug. v. miswrite; conjug. vi. mischoose; conjug. viii. misfall; (2.) radical verbs with the weak or external inflection, and their compounds; as regular: Miscall, misdeem, misbelieve, mislike, misseem, misbeseem, misspell, misbestow, miswed, misween; contracted and irregular: Miscast, misdo, mislay, mislead, missay, mistell, miswend; (3.) radical verbs with the strong and weak inflection united in the same form; as, Misteach, misthink; (4.) substantives and adjectives whose radical verbs are not found with this prefix; as, Misborn, misbegotten, misfare, miswrought; (5.) secondary verbs with the weak inflection; as, Misground, mishear, misname, mistime, mistrust, miskindle, misreckon.

(2.) Words of Latin origin disguised or mutilated by coming through the French: (1.) radical verbs and their compounds; as, Misconceive, (√ cap,) misprise, (pref. mis+pref. pre+✔ hend,) misjoin, (√ jug,) misspend, (pref. mis+pref. ex+✓ pend,) misapply, (✔ plic,) misemploy, (√ plic), misimprove, (✓ prob,) miscount, (pref. mis+pref. com+put,) miscounsel, (pref. mis+pref. con+✓ sul,) misvouch, (√ voc); (2.) substantives and adjectives whose verbal roots are not found with this prefix; as, Mischance, (✓ cad,) mischief, (Latin caput), misclaim, (✔ clam,) miscreant, (√ cred,) misfortune, (Latin fors,) misentry, (Latin intro,) misallied, (✔ lig,) misrule, (✔ reg); (3.) secondary and compound verbs; as, Miscarry, mischarge, misdoubt, misfashion, misgovern, misjudge, misremember, misdistinguish, mistrain.

(3.) Words of Latin origin not affected by coming through

the French: (1.) verbs formed directly from the Latin present; as, conjug. iii. misinfer, misapprehend, misascribe, misconstrue, misattend; conjug. i. miscite, misaffirm, misform, misinform, misallege, misreport, miscompute, misrepute, mis observe, misassign; conjug. iv., misserve; (2.) verbs formed directly from the Latin supine; as, conjug. iii. misconduct, misaffect, miscorrect, misdirect, misinstruct, misuse; conjug. i. miscreate, mistranslate; (3.) substantives and adjectives whose verbal roots are not found with this prefix; as, Mis acceptation, (✔ cap,) misintelligence, (√ leg,) misdisposition, (√ pon,) misdesert, (✔ serve,) misadventure, (√ ven,) misadvised, (✓ vis,) misdevotion, (√vov); (4.) secondary and compound verbs; as, Miscalculate, misdate, misconjecture, misestimate, misinterpret, misrepresent, misquote, misstate, mis temper, misterm, mistitle, mistutor.

(4.) Words of Greek origin; as, Mischaracterize, mis

zealous.

(5.) Words of French origin; as, Misaimed, misguide, mis

demean.

CLASSICAL ELEMENT.

§ 351. The following statements on this subject are deemed important:

1. The separation between Gothic or Teutonic and Classic words needs to be made with great discrimination.

Yet

Thus wade and waddle are of Teutonic origin; compare Anglo-Saxon wadan, German waten and watscheln. some have derived wade from Latin vado.

Drag is of Teutonic origin; compare Anglo-Saxon drag. an, German tragen. Yet some have derived drag from

Latin traho.

Long, length, and linger, are of Teutonic origin; compare Maso-Gothic laggs, Anglo-Saxon lang, lengdh, German lang. Yet some have derived long from Latin longus. Meager is of Teutonic origin; compare Anglo-Saxon mæger, German mager. Yet some have derived meager from Latin macer. The orthography meager seems to have been affected by the French form maigre, which, perhaps, is of Teutonic origin.

Rank and rankle are of Teutonic origin; compare AngloSaxon ranc, German ranzig. Yet some have derived these words from Latin ranceo.

The prefixes en and em are derived from Latin in and im through the French. Yet some have derived en and em

from the Anglo-Saxon.

2. The cognate roots in Latin and Teutonic, when they coexist in the English language, need to be noticed.

Thus, Latin vad, whence come invade, invader, invasive, invasion; and Anglo-Saxon ✔ wade, whence come wader, wading, waddle.

Latin volv, whence come revolve, revolution, revolt, voluble, volume, volute, volt, valve; and Anglo-Saxon ✔ wealw, whence come wallow, wallower, wallowing.

Latin trah, whence come trace, track, tract, trait, attract, attrahent, attractive, attraction, attractor, portray; and Anglo-Saxon ✔ drag, whence come drag, draw, drag. gle.

This point is the more important, as, out of two hundred Latin roots involved in English words, more than one third are cognate to roots already existing in the Teutonic portion of our language. The cognation in stem-nouns is probably not so great.

3. Words of Latin and words of Greek origin should be distinguished from each other. This separation often requires nice discrimination. Thus, aerology and aeronaut are from the Greek aer; and aerial and aeriform are from the Latin aer.

4. The cognate roots of the Latin and Greek languages, when they coexist in the English language, need to be noticed. Thus, Greek ✓ ag, whence paragoge, and Latin ✔

whence agent; Greek ✓ aph, whence apsis, and Latin ✔ap, whence apt; Greek ✔ aug, whence auxesis, and Latin aug, whence augment; Greek ✓ klin, whence clinic, and Latin clin, whence incline; Greek kri, whence crisis, and Latin ✔ cre, whence secret; Greek ✔ gen, whence genesis, and Latin ✓ gen, whence general; Greek ✓ gno, whence gnosis, and Latin ✓ gno, whence ignorant.

5. The corresponding forms of Greek and Latin prefixes