The buildings being in a state of sufficient forwardness to accommodate students, the trustees selected Rev. David Kerr as the first professor; Mr. Samuel A. Holmes was associated with him as tutor in the preparatory department. The first student on the ground was Mr. Hinton James, from Wilmington, who arrived Feb. 12, 1795, and on the 13th the public institution commenced. Mr. Kerr was a graduate of Trinity College, Dublin, a member of the Presbyterian Church, who had emigrated to America in 1791, and had resided in Fayetteville as a preacher, and also as teacher of a classical school for about three years. In the fall of 1796 Rev. Joseph Caldwell, a tutor in Nassau Hall College, New Jersey, on the invitation of the Trustees, removed to Chapel Hill as professor of mathematics. The course of instruction in the University had been carried on about eighteen months, and the regular course of studies not yet settled nor the classes formed; funds were small and the students few; the library and apparatus yet to be procured, and the faculty not more in number than is required in a high school.

"The history of the institution as a place of education," says Mr. Foote, properly commences with the labors of Joseph Caldwell. He was the presiding professor and then president, and for some forty years directed the studies of the classes, performing the duty of the laborious professor and of president, of a faithful teacher and the responsible governor, till the institution which began so small grew up to a standard of excellence, at his death, unsurpassed by any institution of a similar kind in the southern country, and second to few in the United States."

Mr. Caldwell was born at Leamington, New Jersey, April 21, 1773, and was educated at Princeton, under Dr. Witherspoon. While an assistant in a classical school at Elizabethtown, N. J., he came under the ministry of Rev. David Austin, an eloquent though somewhat erratic preacher, originally from New Haven, Conn. The mind of Mr. Caldwell became so impressed that he began a course of study for the ministry, and afterwards when a tutor at Nassau Hall he continued his theological studies under the direction of Dr. Witherspoon. He was subsequently licensed to preach by the Presbytery of New Brunswick. Mr. Caldwell in 1804 was elected to the office of President, being the first to fill that chair in the University. In 1812 he resigned that office, and confined himself to the mathematical department. He was again called to the chair in 1816, and continued to hold the office till the day of his death, Jan. 27, 1835.

Davidson College, founded in 1840, is in Mecklenberg county, and Wake Forest College, at Forestville, was established in 1838.

Fayetteville is on the west side of Cape Fear River, at the head of uninterrupted boat navigation, 100 miles N. W. of Wilmington and 60 S. from Raleigh. The town is pleasantly situated about a mile back from the river, and is regularly laid out, with streets 100 feet in breadth. It is the center of an extensive trade, which is facilitated by plank roads running in various directions. In the surrounding country are extensive forests of pine, which supply important articles of export in the form of turpentine, tar, lumber, etc. The river navigation has been extended, by the construction of locks and dams, as far as the coal mines in Chatham county. An arsenal of construction has been established here by the government. There is a good water power, on which, beside the shops of the arsenal, there are a number of cotton factories, flouring mills, grist mills and saw mills. The establishment of turpentine distilleries has added to the prosperity of the town.

A considerable portion of this place was destroyed by fire in 1831; nearly $100,000 dollars were contributed to the relief of the sufferers by persons in various places. Population is about 8,000.

The original name of Fayetteville was Cross Creek; this name had its origin from the curious fact that the two small streams Cross creek and Blunt's creek, the one coming from the south and the other from the west, met and apparently separated, and forming an island of some size, again united and flowed on to the river. It was said that the streams, when

swelled by rains, would actually cross each other in their rapid course to form a junction. In 1762 a town was laid out embracing Cross creek, and named Campbellton, from a town of that name in Argyleshire, in Scotland, from whence and its neighborhood many of the emigrants had come. The object of the legislature appears to have been to form a trading town upon Cape Fear River, of which Wilmington should be the seaport, to take the produce from the upper part of the state, particularly the settlements on the Yadkin, and prevent the trade being diverted to South Carolina. In 1771 a public road was opened to the Yadkin, and ultimately to Morgantown.

In 1784, on the occasion of the visit of the Marquis Lafayette, as a token of respect for his character and for his revolutionary services, the inhabitants proposed to change the name of their village to Fayetteville, while the town was called by the legislative name of Campbellton and the country name of Cross Creek. The noted Flora McDonald made her abode here for a short time. The foundations of her residence are still to be seen near the bridge, on the right hand, when passing from the market to the court-house.* During the war of the revolution, Cross Creek was the place of assemblage of the Scotch forces on whichever side they were engaged, as the original settlers in this region, and for a long time all the inhabitants, were Scotchmen and Presbyterians.

As the production of turpentine is so important an element in the industry of North Carolina, we annex the following details from the work of a late traveler in this region, who obtained his information from observation and inquiry chiefly at Fayetteville and vicinity:

Turpentine and Naval Stores-Turpentine is the crude sap of pine trees. It varies somewhat in character and in freedom of flow, with the different varieties, the long-leafed pine (Pinus Palustris) yielding it more freely than any other.

There are very large forests of this tree in North and South Carolina, Georgia and Alabama, and the turpentine business is carried on to some extent in all these states-in North Carolina, however, much more largely than in the others, because in it cotton is rather less productive than in the others, in an average of years. Negroes are, therefore, in rather less demand, and their owners oftener see their profit in employing them in turpentine orchards than in the cotton fields.

In the region in which the true turpentine trees grow, indeed, there is no soil suitable for growing cotton; and it is only in the swampy parts, or on the borders of streams flowing through it that there is any attempt at agriculture. The farmer in the forest makes nothing for sale but turpentine, and when he cultivates the land his only crop is maize, and of this, I was often told, not more than five bushels from an acre is usually obtained. Of course no one would continue long to raise such crops if he had wages to pay for the labor, but having inherited or reared the laborers, the farmer does not often regard them as costing him anything more than what he has to pay for their clothes and food, which is very little.

Few turpentine farmers raise as much maize as they need for their own family, and those who carry on the business most largely and systematically frequently

* Foote's Sketches of North Carolina. Flora McDonald is quite celebrated in history as the young woman who, in 1746, assisted Prince Charles, the Pretender, in his escape from Scotland. The prince made his escape to France, but Flora was afterward carried a prisoner to London and cast into the Tower. She excited much sympathy and admiration on account of her romantic exploit in saving the prince. She was released from prison, and returned to Scotland with distinguished honors. Four years afterward she married Allan, the son of the Laird McDonald. In 1775 Flora and her husband, with several children, arrived among their countrymen in North Carolina. Full of loyalty, she encouraged her countrymen to rally in defense of the royal cause. The family returned to the island of Skye, in Scotland, where this heroine died in 1790.

purchase all the food of their hands. Maize and bacon are, therefore, very largely imported into North Carolina, chiefly from Ohio, by the Baltimore and Wheeling Railroad, and from Baltimore to Wilmington or Newbern by sea.

The turpentine forest is from thirty to eighty miles wide, and extends from near the north line of North Carolina to the Gulf of Mexico.

TURPENTINE DISTILLERY.

Until lately, even in North Carolina, the business of collecting turpentine has been confined to such parts of the forest as were situated most conveniently to market, the value of the commodity not warranting long inland transportation. Recently the demand has increased, owing, probably, to the enlarged consumption of spirits of turpentine in burning fluids, and the business has been extended into the depths of the forest. It is yet thought a hazardous venture to start the business where more than thirty miles of wagoning is required to bring the spirits of turpentine to a railroad or navigable water.

If we enter in the winter a part of a forest that is about to be converted into

a "turpentine orchard," we come upon negroes engaged in making boxes, in which the sap is to be collected the following spring. They continue at this work from November to March, or until, as the warm weather approaches, the sap flows freely, and they are needed to remove it from the boxes into barrels. These boxes are not made of boards, nailed together in a cubical form, as might be supposed, nor are they log troughs, such as, at the North, maple sap is collected in. They are cavities dug in the trunk of the tree itself. A long, narrow ax, made in Connecticut, especially for this purpose, is used for this wood-pecking operation, and some skill is required to use it properly.

The boxes being made, the bark, and a few of the outer rings of the wood of the tree, are cut off ("hacked") along the edge of the upper lip. From this excoriation the sap begins to flow about the fifteenth of March, and gradually fills the boxes, from which it is taken by a spoon or ladle, of a peculiar form, and collected into barrels. In from seven to ten days after the first hacking the trees are again scarified. This is done with a hatchet, or with an instrument made for the purpose. A very slight chip, or shave, above the former is all that is needed to be removed, the object being merely to expose a new surface of the cellular tissue, the flow from the former being clogged by congelations of the sap.

Distillation of Turpentine-A considerable amount of turpentine is shipped in barrels to northern ports, where it is distilled; a larger amount is distilled in the state. The proprietors of the large turpentine orchards, themselves, have stills, and those collecting but a small quantity sell to them, or to custom distilleries, owned by those who make distilling alone their business.

The stills used for making spirits or oil of turpentine from the crude gum are of copper, not materially different in form from common ardent-spirit stills, and have a capacity of from five to twenty barrels, an average size being, perhaps, ten barrels.

The forest distilleries are usually placed in a ravine or valley, where water can be brought to them in troughs, so as to flow, at an elevation of fifteen feet from the ground, into the condensing tank. At a point at which the ground will decline from it in one direction, the still is set in a brick furnace. A floor or scaffold is erected on a level with the

bottom of the still-head, and a roof covers all. The still-head is taken off, and barrels of turpentine, full of rubbish as it is collected by the negroes, are emptied in. When the still is full, or nearly so, the still-head is put on, and the joint made tight with clay; fire is made, and soon a small, transparent stream of spirits begins to flow from the mouth of the worm, and is caught directly in the barrel in which it finally comes to market. When all the spirits which can be profitably extracted are thus drawn off, the fire is raked out of the furnace, a spigot is drawn from a spout at the bottom of the still, and the residuum flows out, a dark, thick fluid, appearing as it runs, like molasses.

This residuum is resin, or the rosin of commerce. There is not a sufficient demand for rosin, except of the first qualities, to make it worth transporting from the inland distilleries; it is ordinarily, therefore, conducted off to a little distance, in a wooden trough, and allowed to flow from it to waste upon the ground.

The turpentine lands that I saw were valued at from five to twenty dollars an acre. They have sometimes been sold at two dollars an acre, and those of Georgia and Alabama can be purchased to any extent at that price. From 500 to 1,000 trees (or 2,000 boxes), I judged, stand usually upon an acre.

A North Carolina turpentine orchard, with the ordinary treatment, lasts fifty years. The trees are subject to the attack of an insect which rapidly kills them. Those most severely hacked are chiefly liable to this danger.

Tar is an extract from the pine-wood obtained by charring it. It is made wholly from the heart or "light wood" of the long-leafed pine, which is split into billets of a size convenient for handling and arranging in the tar-kiln. Pitch is a concentration of tar, made by boiling it.

Slaves and other people in the turpentine forests-The negroes employed in this branch of industry seemed to me to be unusually intelligent and cheerful. The whites employed are generally poor, having almost no property but their own bodies, and the use of these, that Is their labor, they are not accustomed to hire out statedly and regularly, so as to obtain capital by wages, but only occasionally by the day or job, when driven to it by necessity. A family of these people will commonly hire, or "squat" and build, a little log cabin, so made that it is only a shelter from rain, the sides not being chinked, and having but little furniture or pretension to comfort. They will cultivate a little corn, and possibly a few roods of potatoes, cow-peas and coleworts. They will own a few swine, that find their living in the forest, and pretty certainly, also, a rifle and dogs; and the men, ostensibly, occupy most of their time in hunting.

A gentleman of Fayetteville told me that he had several times appraised, under oath, the whole household property of families of this class at less than twenty dollars. If they have need of money to purchase clothing, etc., they obtain it by selling their game or meal. If they have none of this to spare, or an insufficiency, they will work for a neighboring farmer for a few days, and they usually get for their labor fifty cents a day, finding themselves. The farmers say that they do not like to employ them, because they cannot be relied upon to finish what they undertake, or to work according to directions, and because, being white men, they cannot "drive" them. That is to say, their labor is even more inefficient and unmanageable than that of slaves.

The majority of what I have termed turpentine farmers-meaning the small proprietors of the long-leafed pine forest land-have habitations more like houses-log-cabins commonly, sometimes chinked, oftener not-without windows of glass, but with a few pieces of substantial, old-fashioned heir-loom furniture; a vegetable garden, in which, however, you will find no vegetable but what they call "collards" (colewort) for "greens"; more swine, and larger clearings for maize, but no better crops than the poorer class. Their property is often of considerable money value, consisting mainly of negroes, who, associating intimately with their masters, are of superior intelligence to the slaves of the wealth

ier classes.

The larger proprietors, who are also often cotton planters, cultivating the richer low lands, are sometimes gentlemen of good estate--intelligent, cultivated and hospitable.

North Carolina Fisheries-The shad and herring fisheries upon the sounds and inlets of the North Carolina coast are an important branch of industry, and a source of considerable wealth. The men employed in them are mainly negroes, slave and free, and the manner in which they are conducted is interesting, and in some respects novel.

The largest sweep seines in the world are used. The gentleman to whom I am indebted for the most of my information had fifty thousand dollars invested in his fishing establishment. He was the proprietor of a seine over two miles in length. It was manned by a force of forty negroes, most of whom were hired at a dollar a day, for the fishing season, which usually commences between the tenth and fifteenth of March, and lasts fifty days. In favorable years the profits are very great. In extremely unfavorable years many of the proprietors are made bankrupt.

Cleaning, curing and packing houses are erected on the shore, as near as they conve

niently may be to a point on the beach suitable for drawing the seine. Six or eight windlasses, worked by horses, are fixed along the shore, on each side of this point. There are two large seine boats, in each of which there is one captain, two seine tenders, and eight or ten oarsmen. In making a cast of the net, one-half of it is arranged on the stern of each of the boats, which, having previously been placed in a suitable position--perhaps a mile off shore, in front of the buildings-are rowed from each other, the captains steering, and the seine tenders throwing off, until the seine is all cast between them.

Scotch Highlanders-Immigration-In the vicinity of Fayetteville there are many Scotch Highlanders. The emigration of these people to North Carolina commenced in the early colony days, and has been continued, at intervals, to the present time. They come direct, in a small class of vessels, to Wilmington.

Very few Highlanders come to New York, or to other parts of the United States; the largest proportion of those emigrating arrive at Quebec and remain in Canada. In this they are led simply by their clannishness; like sheep, they follow one another without looking right or left for an easier leap; the stream once started, there is no diverting it. I remember to have found the Highlanders at home familiar with the names of districts and towns in Canada, though they had no knowledge whatever of the United States, and used the names Canada and America synonomously. Probably, in some districts of the Highlands, no one knows of any other port in America than Wilmington. You frequently find people who can speak Gaelic in North Carolina, and sometimes a small settlement where it is the common tongue; there are even one or two churches in the state in which the services are performed in Gaelic.

The immigrants of the present generation have nearly all come to Fayetteville. Most of them are very poor, and obtain employment as laborers as soon as they can get it after their arrival. In a year or two they will have saved money enough from their wages to purchase a few acres of piny-wood land, upon which they raise a cabin, make a clearing, and go to raising corn and a family. They are distinguished for frugality and industry, and, unless they are very intemperate-as too many of them are-are certain in a few years to acquire money enough to buy a negro, which they are said to be invariably ambitious to possess. Before they die they will have got a family or two of young negroes about them, to be divided as a patrimony among their children. With a moderate competence they are content, and seldom become wealthy. Their children do not appear, generally, to retain