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which Mr. Drummond was placed. They, however, were dissatisfied with the regulations imposed, and revolted; but their grievances being redressed, they, in 1668, returned to their duty. At the request of the proprietors, the celebrated John Locke, whose political writings were much read and admired, prepared for the colony a constitution of government. This was so aristocratical in its features, that it gave much dissatisfaction to the colonists. The measures which were taken to introduce and enforce it, produced, with other causes, an insurrection, in the progress of which the principal officers under Mr. Locke's system, were seized and imprisoned. Virginia was applied to for assistance in restoring order; but the fear of punishment induced the insurgents to submit before an armed force could be arrayed against them.

After the settlement at Charleston, S. C., had become established, it drew many of the inhabitants from Clarendon (the settlement at Albemarle Sound), and finally exhausted it. Being remote from Albemarle, the proprietors established a separate government over it. From this circumstance, arose the distinctive appellation of North and South Carolina. The prosperity of the northern colony was also much retarded by domestic contentions, to allay which, Seth Sothel, one of the proprietors, was sent over as governor. But his conduct, so far from restoring peace and contentment, increased the disorders which had before prevailed. During the six years which Sothel misruled North Carolina, "his sole object," it is stated, "was plunder and property. For the sake of acquiring fees as governor or proprietor, he disputed the best titles, and vexed the fairest traders. For a handsome bribe, he would suffer felons to escape; and he would distress the innocent for a small sum. *The patience of the people was at length exhausted by his tyranny, and they seized him with the purpose of sending him to England; but he prayed that he might be tried by the next general assembly. He was tried according to his request; and the assembly determined that he should immediately resign the government, and depart the country within twelve months."

*

Such were the effects of bad government in North Carolina, that the population of the colony became much reduced. At a general court, in 1694, the list of taxables did not exceed seven hundred and eighty-seven. This was but a little more than half the number in the colony previous to the insurrections. The successor of Sothel was Philip Ludwell, and to him succeeded John Archdale, one of the proprietors, and a Friend, or Quaker, in religious sentiment. Both these governors were popular, and the colony prospered under their administration. In 1693, at the request of the CaroÎinians, the constitution drawn up by Locke was abrogated by the proprietors, and each colony was afterward ruled by a governor, council, and house of representatives.

In 1707, a company of Huguenots, or French Protestants, arrived, and seated themselves on the River Trent, a branch of the Neuse, with Rybourg, their pastor. "They were sober, frugal, industrious planters; and in a short time became independent citizens." In 1710, a large number of Palatines, fleeing from religious persecution in Germany, sought a place of refuge in the same part of the province. To each person of these emigrants, the proprietors granted one hundred acres of land. The Palatines were furnished gratis with tools sufficient for building houses. It was also stipulated that, within four months from their arrival, they should be furnished with a certain number of cows, hogs, and sheep, which were to be paid for at the end of seven years; and half the remaining issue was to be returned in lieu of interest.

In the year 1712, a dangerous conspiracy was formed by the Coree and

Tuscarora Indians, for the extermination of the infant colony. This was managed with great cunning and secresy. They surrounded the principal town in the Tuscarora nation with a wooden breastwork, to secure their families. Here the warriors convened to the number of twelve hundred bowmen. From this place of rendezvous, they sent out small parties by different roads. At the change of the full moon, all of them had agreed to begin their murderous operations the same night. When the night came, they entered the houses of the planters, and demanded provisions, and pretending to be offended, fell to murdering men, women, and children, without mercy or distinction. The savages, like wolves, ran from village to village. "Before them was the repose of innocence; behind, the sleep of death." About Roanoke, one hundred and thirty-seven persons perished in the massacre. Among these, were "a Swiss baron, and almost all the poor Palatines who had lately come into the country." A few persons hiding themselves in the woods and escaping, gave the alarm to their neighbors the next morning, and prevented the destruction of the colony. The militia assembled in arms, and kept watch until news of the disaster reached South Carolina.

Governor Craven lost no time in sending to their relief. The Assembly voted four thousand pounds for the service of the war. A body of 600 militia, under the command of Col. Barnwell, and 366 friendly Indians, of various tribes, marched, with great expedition, through a hideous wilderness, to their assistance. In their first encounter with the Indians, they killed 300, and took 100 prisoners. After this defeat, the Tuscaroras retreated to their fortified town, where Barnwell surrounded them, killed a considerable number, and compelled the remainder to sue for peace. In this whole expedition, it was computed that nearly a thousand of the Tuscaroras were killed, wounded, and taken prisoners. The remainder of the tribe, soon after, in 1713, abandoned their country, and joined the Five Nations, which received them into their confederacy, and made them the Sixth Nation.

After this, the colony remained in peace, continuing under the general government of South Carolina, until about the year 1729, when seven of the proprietors, for a valuable consideration, vested their property and jurisdiction in the crown. Neither of the colonies had been prosperous under the proprietory government; the interests of the governors and governed being apparently adverse to each other, the latter became discontented and rebellious. They complained to the king, who caused inquiry to be made in the courts. The charter was declared to be forfeited, and over each colony seperate royal governments were established.

Soon after this event, the soil in the interior and western part of North Carolina became better known, and was found to be superior in fertility to that on the sea-coast. The settlements, in consequence, rapidly advanced into the wilderness. The most numerous settlers in the north-western part of Carolina were the Scotch-Irish, chiefly Presbyterians from the north of Ireland. The greater part of these people, or their ancestors, had formerly migrated from Scotland. After a short residence in Ireland, finding they were ill-treated in that country, they sought refuge in America. From the northern colonies, particularly Pennsylvania, large numbers of emigrants were drawn to this region by the mildness of the climate and the facilities for obtaining the necessaries of life in abundance.

The people of North Carolina, in the earlier stages of the Revolution, were distinguished for their patriotic devotion to the cause of American independence. They opposed the arbitrary acts of the British government in 1769 with success, and were among the very foremost, if not the very first, among the

colonists to declare themselves free from all foreign control. In May, 1775, a military convention was held in Mecklenburg, which passed a series of resolutions displaying the spirit, and even embodying some of the language, of the great Declaration of Independence, issued to the world July 4, 1776. This act may, therefore, be considered as the first public Declaration of American Independence. As early as 1767 a delegation from each militia company in Orange county met and drew up a series of resolutions to regulate affairs in that county. One resolution was to pay none but legal taxes; another to petition the government for a redress of grievances, etc. Those who associated for this purpose were called REGULATORS, and the confederation was called "THE REGULATION." This association became so formidable that Tryon, the royal governor, caused some of the leaders to be imprisoned. This added fuel to the flame, and the contending parties had recourse to arms on May 16, 1775, near the Allamance River, between Governor Tryon and the Regulators, in which the latter were defeated, with the loss of nine killed, beside a great number wounded. This has been considered by some as the "first battle of our war for Independence," although not the first blood shed.

"In the year 1785 the inhabitants of Sullivan, Washington and Green, which lie directly west of the mountains in this state, convened in committee, appointed and held a convention, framed a constitution, elected their governor, and, in short, erected themselves into a separate independent state, by the name of the New State of Franklin. This premature state was to comprehend all that tract of country which lies between the mountains and the suck or whirl in the Tennessee River. These proceedings occasioned great confusion and warm disputes in North Carolina, which continued to rage till 1788, when all pretentions to independency were relinquished and tranquillity restored to the state."-Morse's Geography, 1789.

North Carolina is bounded N. by Virginia, E. and S. E. by the Atlantic, S. by South Carolina and Georgia, and N. W. by Tennessee. It lies between 33° 53′ and 36° 33′ N. latitude, and between 75° 25′ and 84° 30′ W. longitude, being about 450 miles in length and 180 in breadth, including an area of upward of thirty millions of acres, of which, in 1850, only about five and a half millions were improved.

Along the Atlantic coast of the state, and extending inward from fifty to seventy miles, the land is low, level and swampy, intersected by many streams which, from the nature of the surface, are neither rapid nor clear. Westwardly from this tract, for a distance of forty miles, the land is more hilly and broken, and the soil sandy. Farther on, above the falls of the rivers, the country becomes elevated, and in some places mountainous, formed by several ridges of the Alleghany Mountains running in a S. W. direction through the state. These mountains vary from 800 to upward of 6,000 feet in elevation. Mt. Mitchell, or Black Mountain, on the borders of Yancey and McDowell counties, is 6,470 feet in hight, being the highest mountain peak in the United States E. of the Mississippi River.

The soil in the district bordering on the sea-coast, and for some distance into the interior, is generally poor, producing naturally no other timber than pitch-pine, from which are procured great quantities of lumber, tar, pitch and turpentine, constituting the chief articles of export from the state. Of these naval stores the export exceeds that of any other, if not all, the states of the Union. About 800,000 barrels of turpentine are annually exported. The swampy spots are well adapted to the culture of rice. In the uplands, and beyond the mountain ranges, the land is quite fertile. Indian corn

grows well in all parts of the state, and cotton is successfully cultivated. The pitch-pine, of which the low lands produce such vast quantities, is generally of a large size, far exceeding the dimensions of this timber found in the more northern states. The celebrated Dismal Swamp, 30 miles in length by 10 in width, lies in the northern part of the state, and extends into Virginia. The tract is covered with a thick growth of pine, cypress, juniper and oak trees. There are within the state upward of two million acres of swampy lands, which might be made to produce great crops of rice, corn, cotton and tobacco.

"Mineral products of great variety and value are found in the mountain country of North Carolina, as in the neighboring mountain districts of South Carolina and Georgia. Until the discovery of gold in California, this was the most abundant gold yielding tract in the United States. The mines here of this monarch of metals have been profitably worked for many years. At the branch mint at Charlotte, in the mining region, gold was coined, between and including the years 1838 and 1853, to the value of no less than $3,790,033; the highest annual product being $396,734, in the year 1852. The copper lands of the state, says Professor Jackson, are unparalleled in richness. Coal, too, both bituminous and anthracite, is found here in great abundance, and of the finest quality. Iron ore also exists throughout the mountain districts. Limestone and freestone may be had in inexhaustible supply. Marl is abundant in all the counties on the coast, and silver, lead, manganese, salt and gypsum have been discovered."

Population, in 1790, 393,751; in 1820, 638,829; in 1840, 753,419; and in 1850, 868,903, of whom about one-third were slaves.

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Western View of the Central Part of Wilmington.

The view shows the appearance of the central part of Wilmington, from the ferry on the east side of Cape Fear River, opposite the foot of Market street. The market is seen in the middle of the street; and eyond it, on the right, the tower of the Episcopal Church. On the opposite side of the street west, the building is now standing in which Cornwallis made his headquarters. The custom-house, with its flagstaff, appears on the left; the massive building directly back is the Cape Fear Bank. The depth of water in the river, by the ferry at the foot of Market street, is 38 feet.

WILMINGTON, the largest and most commercial place in North Carolina, is on the east bank of Cape Fear River, 34 miles from the sea, 135 miles S.

E. from Raleigh, 180 N. E. from Charleston, and 365 from Washington. The business and population have been greatly increased by the construction of several railroads through it, and now it is on the great highway of travel

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north and south. More than 20 steam-engines are employed in the manufactories of this place, among which are 7 steam saw-mills, producing annually about thirty million feet of lumber; here are, also, 10 turpentine distillers. The harbor of Wilmington has a difficult shoal at its entrance, but will float vessels of 300 tuns. Four mail steamers keep up a daily communication with Charleston, and several boats ply between this place and Fayetteville. There are two islands, inclosed with different channels of the river, opposite the town, on which are some of the finest rice fields in the State. Populain 1840, 4,744; in 1850, 7,264; now, about 12,000.

The annexed engraving shows the appearance of the first house erected in Wilmington. It is a few rods from the Carolina Hotel, in the central part of the city. It is inclosed within the garden wall on the premises of Dr. McCree, and is not seen from the street. The outside of the house is shingled, and stands on a somewhat elevated foundation. A fig-tree is seen at the corner of the building, and several magnolia trees are on the left. When this humble structure was erected, Brunswick, some fifteen miles below Wilmington, was the principal town on the Cape Fear River. Many places in this section of the state were settled by Scotch Highlanders and the ScotchIrish Presbyterians from Ireland. During the civil war in Scotland, many of the Highlanders took up arms in favor of Prince Charles Edward, generally called the Pretender. After the disastrous battle of Cullodon, in 1746, which extinguished the prince's hopes of empire, his followers were captured in great numbers, and several of their leaders perished on the scaffold; and, for a time the English ravaged, with fire and sword, that part of Scotland which had favored the prince. But a milder policy governed his majesty George II, and many were pardoned on condition of taking the oath of allegiance and emigrating to the plantations. This appears to have been the origin of the large settlement of Highlanders on Cape Fear River.

This wilderness region now became a refuge for the harassed Highlanders, and ship-load after ship-load landed at Wilmington in 1746 and 1747. In the course of

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