Test Questions-Sentence-Making. 1. What is a phrase in grammar? 2. With regard to use, how are phrases classified ? 4. In each of three simple sentences, use a substantive phrase in different grammatical relation. 5. What is an adjective phrase? 6. In each of two sentences, use an adjective phrase in a different relation. 7. Show that an adjective of the word-form may be substituted for an adjective of the phrase-form. 8. What is an adverbial phrase? 9. In each of two sentences, use an adverbial phrase. 10. In the first of three sentences, use a phrase denoting time; in the second, one denoting place; in the third, one denoting manner. 11. With regard to form, how are phrases classified? 12. What is a prepositional phrase? 13. Show that a prepositional phrase may be used as an adjective or as an adverb. 14. What is an infinitive phrase? 15. Use an infinitive phrase (1) as a noun; (2) as an adjective; (3) as an adverb. 16. Use an infinitive phrase (1) as the object of a verb; (2) as the complement of a verb; (3) as the object of a participle; (4) as the object of a preposition. 17. In each of two sentences, use a simple phrase. 18. In each of two sentences, use a complex phrase. EXERCISE XI. Clauses. A clause is a group of words containing subject and predicate and used as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. According to their uses, clauses are classified as substantive, adjective, and adverbial. A substantive clause is one used as a noun; as, 1. That might makes right is untrue. 2. See how the leaves have turned. 3. The belief is that the soul is immortal. NOTE.—A substantive clause when used as the subject of a verb, the object of a verb, or the complement of a copulative verb, is dependent on the rest of the sentence for its meaning. An adjective clause is one used as an adjective; as, 1. The boy, who was here, is my son. 2. I know something which I wish to tell you. 3. He dreamed of the place where in youth he had played. 4. Samuel Morse is the man that invented the telegraph. An adverbial clause is one used as an adverb; as, 1. He left before you returned. 2. I am glad that you came. 3. He came earlier than he was expected. NOTE.-On account of its extent and frequent use, the adverbial clause merits special notice. An absolute classification cannot be made, as the clauses shade into one another in meaning. It is believed, however, that the classification here given is sufficiently critical for all practical purposes. An adverbial clause may denote time, place, manner, degree, cause, result. Time; as, 1. Work while it is yet to-day. 2. Rich gifts wax poor when givers prove unkind. 3. He was killed while he was on picket duty. Place; as, 1. He was welcome wherever he went. 2. Wheresoever the carcass is, there the buzzards are. 2. Manner; as, 1. As is the teacher, so is the school. He died as he had lived. 3. He worked as if his life depended upon it. Degree; as, 1. They all became wiser than they were. 2. We rise in glory as we sink in pride. Cause; as, 1. He is studious, for he knows his lesson. 2. I shall read the book, since you recommend it. Result; as, He behaved so badly that he was expelled. Like Uses of Phrases and Clauses. As phrases and clauses are used in the construction of sentences as nouns, adjectives, and adverbs, it is very important that the several forms and uses of these two grammatical terms should be thoroughly understood by the pupil. Logically they are regarded as parts of speech, because they are used as parts of speech. The mind grasps them and uses them as units, as wholes. I. As Nouns. Each may be used in at least six grammatical relations as nouns (1) as the subject of a verb; (2) as the object of a verb; (3) as the complement of a copulative verb; (4) as the object of a preposition; (5) as the object of an infinitive; (6) as the object of a participle. As Subject: 1. To do right is a duty. 2. That music hath charms is not denied. As Object: 1. He likes to sing. 2. He said "Come to see me.' As Complement: 1. To love is to live. 2. The home is wherever the heart is. As Object of a Preposition: 1. I am about to close the recitation. 2. He succeeds in whatever he undertakes. As Object of an Infinitive: 1. To think about going home is pleasant. 2. To believe that most men are honest is encouraging. As Object of a Participle: 1. Expecting to see you, I tarried. 2. Having said, Grant won the battle, he retired. II. As Adjectives. An adjective phrase or an adjective clause may limit a noun or a pronoun anywhere in the sentence. 1. A statue of marble was chiselled by an artist. 2. He climbed to the top of the mountain. 3. He is a man of great wealth. 4. I am on my way to the city of St. Louis, which is situated on the Mississippi River. 5. I saw him of great renown. 6. I saw him that has great renown, etc. III. As Adverbs. An adverbial phrase or an adverbial clause may modify a verb, a verb-phrase, or an adjective. 1. He came in the morning. 2. He came after I invited him. 3. He will come in the afternoon. 4. He will come when we send for him. 5. I am glad to see you. 6. I am glad that you are here. NOTE. The pupil will note that phrases are introduced by prepositions and participles, and that clauses are introduced by relative pronouns and conjunctive adverbs. He will also note that the second term or subsequent of a phrase is always a noun or an element used as a noun, and that the second term of a clause-the term immediately following the connective—is always a proposition, a dependent sentence, a limiting expression; it is unlike the part with which it is connected in its form, in its rank, and in its grammatical character. Test Questions.-Sentence-Making. 1. Define a clause. 2. In what respect are phrases and clauses alike? 4. Use a substantive clause (1) as the subject of a verb; (2) as the object of a verb; (3) as the complement of a copulative verb. 5. Use a substantive clause (1) as the object of a preposition; (2) as the object of an infinitive. 6. Introduce a substantive clause with why, with who. 7. Introduce an adjective clause with that, with who. 8. Use an adverbial clause (1) to modify a single verb; (2) to modify a verb-phrase; (3) to modify an adjective. 9. Introduce an adverbial clause with when, with where. 10. Use a clause (1) to denote time; (2) to denote place; (3) to denote manner; (4) to denote purpose. |