14.

And the stars never rise but I feel the bright eyes

Of the beautiful Annabel Lee.-Poe.

15. The coming and going of the birds is more or less a mystery

and a surprise.

16. As for him, let him earn his living.

17. Because of his mother he was pardoned.

18. In regard to that I have nothing to say.

19. He passed along in front of you.

20. He carried off the prize.

21. She laughed at the mistake.

22. For as much as I care, he may try to do it.

23. No sooner than said, it was performed.

24. Come out of the room.

25. For the sake of your own good name abstain from the use of intoxicating drinks.

Test Questions.-Sentence-Making.

1. In what important respect does a preposition differ from a conjunction?

2. Into how many principal classes are conjunctions divided?

3. Into how many sub-classes are coördinate conjunctions divided?

4. In what important respect does a coördinate conjunction differ from a subordinate conjunction?

5. In each of four sentences, use a different relative pronoun and show that it is a subordinate conjunction.

6. In each of three sentences, use a different conjunctive adverb and show that it is a subordinate conjunction.

7. In each of three sentences, use a preposition phrase and name the elements between which it shows a relation.

8. In the first of two sentences, use a phrase as the object of a preposition, in the second, use a clause as the object.

9. In each of two sentences, use a conjunction phrase and name the elements connected.

10. What important fact distinguishes a preposition phrase from a conjunction phrase?

11. Use until as a preposition, also as a conjunction.

12. Use for as a preposition, also as a conjunction.

13. Show that an intransitive verb may take a preposition as a complement and that the verb-term does the work of a transitive verb.

14. In each of two sentences, use an alternative conjunction and show that each conjunction offers or denies a choice.

15. In each of two sentences, use a different adversative conjunction and show that the second part of the sentence opposes the first.

16. Use that, hence, and therefore in sentences and show that the second part of each sentence is the reason or result of the first part.

17. Use either and or with their correlatives neither and nor and show their mutual dependence.

18. Use but as a preposition, also as a conjunction.

19. Use after as a preposition, also as a conjunction. 20. In connection with the first of two simple sentences, use an interjection which expresses joy; in the second, use an interjection which expresses sorrow.

21. In connection with each of two simple sentences, use a different exclamatory phrase.

EXERCISE VIII.

Grammatical Terms.-General View.

As the sentence is the unit of expression, a knowledge of its structure is essential to a clear expression of thought.

A grammatical term is a word, or a group of related words, that performs a distinct office in the structure of a sentence.

There are four principal grammatical terms,-noun-terms, adjective-terms, verb-terms, and adverb-terms.

Noun-Terms.

A noun is a word used as a name. A noun-term is a word, or group of related words, that is used as a noun. In form it may be a word, a phrase, or a clause; as God is love. Helping others helps ourselves. To save time is to lengthen life. That music hath charms is true. He replied, I have recited. My home is wherever I am happy. You err think so.

in that

you

Adjective-Terms.

An adjective is a word used to limit the meaning of a noun. An adjective-term is a word, or group of related words, that is used as an adjective. In form it may be a word, a phrase, or a clause; as, Good boys are obedient. Men of culture may be happy. An adjective clause is one that describes or limits a substantive.

Verb-Terms.

A verb is a word used to assert something of a person or a thing. A verb-term is a word, or group of related words, that is used as a verb. In form it may be a single word, or a verb-phrase; as, He is. Flowers bloom. He should have been rewarded.

Adverb-Terms.

An adverb is a word used to modify the meaning of a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. An adverb-term is a word, or group of related words, that is used as an adverb. In form it may be a word, a phrase, or a clause; as, He came early. We will return in the morning. He came when you called him. She lies where first the sunbeams fall.

NOTES.-I. The sum is this: The noun-term, the adjective-term, and the adverb-term have only three forms each,-the word-form, the phrase-form, and the clause-form. In each form, the term does the work of a single part of speech.

II. Any word, phrase, clause, mark, or symbol, which may be made the subject of a verb, or the object of a verb, a participle, an infinitive, a preposition, or the substantive complement of a copulative verb, is a noun-term. It is an object conception and is grasped by the mind as an entirety.

III. Whatever describes or limits a noun or a pronoun is an adjective-term. It is a quality conception in distinction from an object conception. The adjective-term, like the noun-term, is regarded by the mind as one descriptive or limiting term.

IV. Whatever modifies a verb, a verb-phrase, an adjective, or an adverb is an adverb-term. The mind graps it as a single term.

V. The verb-term is always a verb, or some other part of speech used as a verb. If the verb is com

pleted by a noun (telling what the subject is), or by an adjective (describing the subject), the noun-term or the adjective-term thus used is the true predicate. VI. The word-form of a grammatical term is a single word.

VII. The phrase-form of a grammatical term consists of a preposition or a participle combined with a significant word or group of related words used as a single part of speech. The phrase-form of a grammatical term is always used as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb.

VIII. The clause-form of a grammatical term is a dependent sentence. It does the work of a noun, an adjective, or an adverb.

Test Questions.--Sentence-Making.

1. What is meant by the phrase, a grammatical term? 2. What is a noun-term?

3. How many forms has the noun-term?

4. What is an adjective-term?

5. How many forms has the adjective-term ?

6. What is a verb-term?

7. How many forms has the verb-term?

8. In the first of two simple sentences, use a single verb; in the second, use a verb-phrase.

9. What is an adverb-term?

10. How many forms has the adverb-term?

11. In each of three sentences, use a different form of the noun-term.

12. In the same sentence, use the three forms of the adjective-term.

13. In the same sentence, use the three forms of the adverb-term.