27. Such cloaks were in fashion about five years since. 28. It is impossible continually to be at work. 29. I am some better than I was. 30. Every man cannot afford to keep a coach. 31. All their neighbors were not invited. 32. All that we hear, we should not believe. 33. The two young ladies from Chicago came to the party nearly dressed alike. 34. I only recited one lesson during the whole day. 35. He is only so when he is drunk. 36. I only bought the horse, and not the buggy. 37. Such prices are only paid in times of great scarcity. 38. The interest not only had been paid, but the greater part of the principal also. 39. If you have only learned to spend money extravagantly at college, you may stay at home. 40. The school must carefully be conducted to please all such patrons. 41. The words of a sentence should be arranged so that harmony may be promoted. 42. Nature mixes the elements variously and curiously sometimes, it is true. 43. You are to slowly raise the trap, while I hold the sack. 44. Having almost lost a thousand dollars by the speculation, he was able only to pay part of it back. 45. We do those things frequently which we repent of after careful consideration. Adjective or Adverb, which? The quality of an object is described by using an adjective; the manner of an action, by using an adverb. Cross out the improper word in each of the following sentences, then read the corrected sentence: 1. She walks (rapid) (rapidly). 2. The river runs (rapid) (rapidly) at that point. 3. She was requested to walk (slow) (slowly). 4. She appears (charming) (charmingly). 5. I punished him (well) (good). 6. In the spring the woods look (beautiful) (beautifully). 7. The velvet feels (smooth) (smoothly). 8. I feel (bad) (badly) to-day. 9. She looks (angry) angrily). 10. She talks (loud) (loudly). Split Infinitives. Do not place an adverb between the parts of an infinitive. Improve the following sentences: 1. Will you ask him to kindly notify me of the time for the arrival of the train. 2. I begged him to well consider the subject. 3. I wished to heartily coöperate. Parsing. In parsing an adverb tell: 1. The class to which it belongs. 3. The use in the sentence. Parse the adverbs in the following sentences: 1. They wept bitterly. 2. Why did they walk so rapidly? 3. It is very wise to talk with our past hours. 4. He lived there. 5. He spoke very clearly, but quite rapidly. 6. The letter was most formally written. 7. They were too much astonished to reply immediately. 8. He soon discovered his mistake and acted accordingly. 9. He is far from home. 10. The birds flew directly over our heads. 11. The postman comes twice daily. 12. Surely trouble comes soon enough. 13. The accident happened shortly after we crossed the bridge. 14. That clock always runs too fast. 15. So great a change was rarely ever seen. 16. The new building will be on a far grander scale. 17. Well, I will let you know. 18. Why, you told me so yourself. Test Questions. Sentence-Making. 1. What is an adverb, and what does the word mean? 2. Into how many principal classes may adverbs be divided? 3. In what respect does a conjunctive adverb differ from a simple adverb? Illustrate. 4. In what respect does a modal adverb differ from a simple adverb? 5. Show that some phrases have the value of simple adverbs. Illustrate. 6. Show that some adverbs modify or throw their force upon entire statements. 7. Show that a substantive clause, an adjective clause, and an adverbial clause may be introduced by where. 8. Show that an adverb may modify a phrase. 9. Compare six adverbs, three of one syllable, three of two syllables. 10. Derive five adverbs from adjectives. 11. Compose sentences, using in the first a clause denoting place, in the second a clause denoting time, in the third a clause denoting manner, in the fourth a clause denoting cause or purpose. EXERCISE VII. Prepositions. Conjunctions.-Interjections. Prepositions. A preposition is a word used to connect other words and to show the relation between them. A preposition shows a relation between two terms,an antecedent and a subsequent. The subsequent term is called the object of the preposition. The object of a preposition is usually a noun or a pronoun; as, 1. The house on the hill is mine. 2. He went after him. The object of a preposition may be an adjective, an adverb, an infinitive, a phrase, or a clause used as a noun; as, Lift up your voice on high. Wait till then. He is about to go. Wait till after the shower. Listen to what I say. It frequently requires two or more words to express the relation that a noun-term bears to the word which it modifies. Such a group of words should be treated as a unit. The following are examples: Out of, from out, as to, as for, on board of, on this side, along side, in front of, in spite of, by way of, by means of, because of, instead of, in regard to, in respect of, for the sake of. Such groups are called complex prepositions or preposition phrases (not prepositional phrases). Some verbs take a prepositional complement, the verb and the preposition being the equivalent of a transitive verb; as, He carried off the prize. The judge winked at the iniquity of the decision. She laughed at the young man's mistakes. Some prepositions are restricted by their meaning and by usage to definite conditions and particular combinations. Thus between always implies two, and not more than two related persons or things. Among implies more than two. Beyond is appropriate after go, and above after rise. In is, generally, quite inappropriate after verbs of motion. We go into a house, and perhaps stay in it. The correct use of prepositions can be acquired only by correct thinking and practice. Clear thinking usually selects the right word. The choice of a preposition depends upon the exact idea to be expressed. The following list of verbs, nouns, and adjectives, given by Dr. Angus, in his Handbook of the English Tongue, shows the preposition specially associated with the respective words: |