Cleveland had made many enemies in his own party by refusing to appoint unfit men to office. When, therefore, he ran for president again in 1888, he was beaten by Senator Harrison of Indiana.

But four years later, in 1892, he defeated Harrison and again became president.

179. The Panic of 1893. Cleveland had hardly taken his seat as President when hard times struck the country. The Business men and laborers suffered greatly. They could panic of not pay their debts. Men, women, and children suffered 1893 for want of bread.

The Pullman Car Company of Chicago cut down the wages of its workmen. The men called a strike which finally extended over half the states of the Union.

Chicago was the center of the strike. Hundreds of cars were burned and lives were threatened. It was

impossible to carry the United States mail or freight from one state to another. Grover Cleveland ordered United The States soldiers to Chicago to keep the mails going and the great freight running. This broke the back of the strike. strike Cleveland had shown how to settle strikes in a new way.

Cleveland served twice as President and after his second term of office he moved to Princeton, New Jersey, the seat of Princeton University. Here he became famous for his lectures given before the student body.

BENJAMIN HARRISON

180. A General Who Became President. Early in our national history it had happened that the son of a President of the United States had also become President. In 1833 a boy was born in Ohio, the grandson of a President, who was also to gain this high position.

railroad

Enters the

army

Active

in

politics

His grandfather was William Henry Harrison, who was elected President in the stirring campaign of 1840. His parents named him Benjamin.

Young Harrison, a happy and well-born boy, received his education in the public schools. He entered Miami University at an early age and graduated at eighteen.

Harrison, like so many of our other presidents, studied law. He was very soon admitted to the bar, and in 1854 he went to live in the Hoosier State at Indianapolis.

He answered the call to arms. He was made a lieutenant, but had hardly learned his duties before he was promoted to be captain of a company of one hundred men. Hardly a month passed before an order came making him a colonel of a regiment of a thousand men. He led this regiment until the last days of the war, and the boys were proud of "Colonel Ben."

For personal bravery and for skill in handling his men in one of the battles in Georgia, he was made major general.

After the war Harrison returned to the law. In political campaigns he was much sought after to speak in all parts of the state.

He did not accept office until he was elected United States senator in 1881. Senator Harrison was nominated

for the presidency in 1888. He set the example of making speeches "on his front porch" to admiring crowds who came from different states.

In this campaign the Democrats pointed to Harrison as a man who wore his "grandfather's hat." The Republicans made this campaign like that of 1840. There A picturwas great enthusiasm, big wagons carrying log cabins esque campaign with raccoons and barrels of hard cider, great balls rolling on, and happy songs. Tippecanoe clubs were formed in all parts of the country. The result was the election of Harrison.

Under President Harrison a tariff law was passed with a reciprocity agreement. By this arrangement, the United States agreed to reduce its tariff if other nations would Pensions reduce theirs. President Harrison had a warm spot in his heart for the old soldiers, and he signed with pleasure a new pension law.

The farmers and the silver men of the West were becoming dissatisfied with the action of Congress. In 1890 their forces elected several new Congressmen, and in the next year formed the People's party. Most of the votes of this party were drawn from the Republican side, hence in the next campaign Harrison was defeated by Cleveland.

and the

tariff

SUGGESTIONS INTENDED TO HELP THE PUPIL

The Leading Facts. 1. Hayes studied law, and served in the Civil War. 2. He was elected to Congress while still in the field. 3. He received only one more vote than Tilden for President. 4. He was wise and fair in his treatment of the South. 5. Garfield was a poor boy who had to work hard for an education. 6. He was a war veteran and was elected senator before becoming President. 7. His remarkable ability as an

William
McKin-

orator caused him to be nominated for the presidency. 8. His assassination helped to bring civil service reform. 9. Arthur when President, worked for a larger navy. 10. He supported civil service against the spoils system. II. Cleveland, after being mayor of Buffalo and governor of New York, was elected President twice, though not in succession. 12. A severe panic occurred while he was President. 13. Harrison studied law, and became a general during the Civil War. 14. His election was like that of his grandfather, William Henry Harrison. 15. Changes in the tariff and in pension laws took place during his presidency. 16. At the following election the farmers and those favoring silver money combined in the Populist party, reducing the Republican vote and causing the election of Cleveland.

Study Questions. 1. Tell something of Hayes' early life. 2. How did he come to be chosen Congressman? 3. What was unusual about his election to the presidency? 4. How was his election accepted by the country? 5. What kind of a President did he make? 6. What can you tell of Garfield's youth? 7. What positions did he hold before becoming Presdent? 8. What brought about his nomination? 9. What reform did the nation demand after Garfield's assassination? 10. What two things did Arthur work for? II. What positions did Cleveland hold? 12. Name two important things that happened while he was President. 13. Tell something of Harrison's career and election. 14. What was done about the tariff and pensions during his presidency? 15. Why was Harrison defeated by Cleveland in the next election?

Suggested Readings. Higginson, History of the United States, 330-347; Guerber, Story of the Great Republic, 281-285, 288-293.

THE BEGINNING OF EXPANSION
ABROAD

WILLIAM MCKINLEY AND THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR

181. William McKinley. William McKinley was born As a boy his chief delight was to

in Ohio in 1843.

ley, 1843 roam the fields and woods surrounding Niles, his home

town, or to fish in the fine streams near by. When he
was about nine years old his parents moved to Poland,
Ohio, where there were good
schools for children. McKinley
studied hard, and at seventeen
years of age entered Allegheny
College at Meadville, Pennsyl-
vania. But his health had nev-
er been very good and he fell ill
from hard study. He returned
to Poland, and there a little later
he taught school.

Teaches

school

Enlists

to fight

for the

Union

In 1861 Lincoln's call for troops to save the Union fired the whole North with patriotism. McKinley, though then only eighteen years of age, enlisted at once. Under fire at Antietam and in later battles of the war, he won praise Wins and promotion for his heroic deeds. The active army life was good for him, and when the war was over he was a strong and healthy man. He enlisted as a private and came out as a major. All his promotions were for merit, and bravery.

praise and pro

motion

law

He returned to Poland and took up the study of the Studies law. But his means were small and he had a hard struggle. In 1867 McKinley was admitted to the bar and opened an office in Canton, Ohio.

Becomes

cessful

lawyer

Like many another young lawyer he had numerous dif- a sucficulties and disappointments, but he worked hard and in time became a successful lawyer. He was a good speaker and and soon was much in demand in political campaigns. speaker