Mexico"

Mexico had long owed certain debts to England, MaxiFrance, and Spain. The French emperor, Napoleon III, milian determined to make these debts an excuse for extending "Emhis power. He sent soldiers to Mexico, and used them to peror of set up an Austrian archduke, Maximilian, as Emperor of Mexico. President Johnson sent American soldiers to the Rio Grande, and the French forces were withdrawn. Maximilian had now no support and later was shot.

In 1867 Johnson purchased Alaska from Russia for $7,200,000. Thus one more European power gave up its possessions in the New World.

166. The Progress of Reconstruction. Contentment

of mind and regular, peaceful growth of trade and business The did not return to the South until long after Johnson's Alaska presidency. Congress had little understanding of the Purchase difficulties with which it was faced. Under its reconstruction the life of the South was for a time cruelly unsettled. At last the old southern leaders themselves restored order. Then they governed much as before. Lincoln had earned the respect of the South, for he was a leader great enough to be generous in victory. He What might have checked the misrule which nearly ruined the Lincoln's industries of the South, and created more lasting bitterness than the war. The South suffered as great a loss the South as the North in the death of Lincoln.

SUGGESTIONS INTENDED TO HELP THE PUPIL

The Leading Facts. I. Lincoln, born of poor parents in the state of Kentucky, went over to Indiana at seven years of age. 2. Helped build a cabin and clear the forest and went hunting. 3. Lincoln lost his mother, and his father married again. 4. His stepmother took good care of Abe and his young sister. 5. Lincoln had little schooling, but read a few books thoroughly. 6. He was physically strong at twenty-one,

death

meant to

12.

and he had read so much that he could "spell down" the whole country. 7. The family moved to Illinois, and Abe was hired to take a flatboat down the Mississippi. 8. He saw a slave auction at New Orleans. 9. Lincoln was elected captain in the Black Hawk War; elected to the legislature for four terms. 10. He studied law and was elected to Congress. II. Attacked Douglas for the Kansas-Nebraska Bill. Lincoln and Douglas held joint debates. 13. Nominated for the presidency by the Republicans in convention at Chicago. 14. Douglas displeased the South and the Democratic party was split. 15. Lincoln was elected president, the South seceded, and Douglas stood by the Union. 16. The battle between the Merrimac and the Monitor ushered in the age of the ironclad war vessel. 17. Grant defeated Lee, and Lee surrendered. 18. Lincoln went to the Ford Theater in Washington, and was assassinated. 19. Johnson started to carry out Lincoln's plans for reconstruction, but Congress interfered, and tried to impeach him. 20. Johnson caused the French to withdraw from Mexico, and bought Alaska from Russia in 1867 for $7,200,000. 21. The South was slow in recovering from the effects of the war.

Study Questions. 1. Describe Lincoln's early surroundings. 2. Picture Abe and his sister. 3. How did Abe help get their meat? 4. What did he owe to his mother? 5. What did Abe's new mother do for him? 6. What books did Abe read and how did he read them? 7. Why was Abe liked in the family? 8. How tall was Lincoln? How old was he when the family started for Illinois? 9. What did he do soon after going to Illinois? 10. What did he see in New Orleans that was new to him? II. Prove Lincoln was honest. 12. Prove that the men of the countryside had confidence in Lincoln. 13. How old was Lincoln when he ran for the legislature? 14. Tell the story of Lincoln's experiences in running for the legislature. 15. What was his success as a lawyer? 16. Why did Lincoln love public speaking? 17. Why was Lincoln not elected to Congress again? 18. How did Lincoln become the champion speaker against Douglas? 19. What was the effect of the debate? 20. What new declaration did Lincoln make in his Springfield speech? 21. Why did Lincoln challenge Douglas? 22. How did Lincoln become widely known? 23. What was the fatal question put to

Douglas by Lincoln? 24. To what rights did Lincoln say the black man is entitled? 25. Picture the scene in the state convention of 1860. 26. What was the effect of the LincolnDouglas debates on the Democratic party? 27. Why did this result in Lincoln's election to the presidency? 28. Give an account of the demonstrations made in honor of Lincoln. 29. Who fired the first shot in the Civil War, and where was it fired? 30. How many slave states in all remained loyal to the Union cause? 31. What kind of a war did Lincoln make of this war? 32. Tell the story of the Merrimac and the Monitor. 33. How was the Merrimac protected? 34. How did the Proclamation of Emancipation affect the strength of the Confederates? 35. Describe the surrender of Lee. 36. Tell the story of Lincoln's assassination. 37. How did the nation feel over Lincoln's death? 38. How has he been honored? 39. Describe the statue in Edinburgh. 40. Where was Lincoln buried? 41. What was Lincoln's plan of reconstruction? 42. What happened when Johnson tried to carry this out? 43. Name two matters in which Johnson acted wisely.

Suggested Readings. ABRAHAM LINCOLN: Baldwin, Four Great Americans, 187-246; McMurry, Pioneers of the Mississippi Valley, 170-184; Wright, Children's Stories of American Progress, 159-178, 299-327; Brooks, Century Book of Famous Americans, 193-210; Hart and Stevens, Romance of the Civil War, 1-112; Bolton, Lives of Poor Boys Who Became Famous, 342-367; Mabie, Heroes Every Child Should Know, 309-319; Nicolay, Boys' Life of Abraham Lincoln; Coffin, Abraham Lincoln; Mace, Lincoln: The Man of the People; Hale, Stories of War; Southworth, Builders of Our Country, Vol. II, 186–217. ANDREW JOHNSON: Sparks, Expansion of the American People, 433-438; Guerber, Story of the Great Republic, 252–256.

TWO FAMOUS GENERALS

ULYSSES S. GRANT, THE GREAT GENERAL OF THE
UNION ARMIES

Ulysses Ulysses
Simpson

167. A Poor Boy Becomes a Great Man. Simpson Grant was born in 1822, in Ohio, at called Point Pleasant. When he was a year old his 1822

a place

Grant,

parents removed to Georgetown, Ohio, and there a few Early years later he attended school. He was taught little schooling besides reading, writing, and arithmetic. As he grew up he helped his father and mother by hauling wood, plowing, and doing other useful work. He did not like the leather business, his father's occupation, but he found great pleasure in farm work because he was very fond of horses.

Fond of horses

He liked

Young Grant liked to travel. When the news came to travel that he had been appointed a cadet at the United States Military Academy, he was glad because of the journey to West Point but not because of any other opportunities it offered. He did not like West Point, and studied only to please his father.

Fights under General Taylor

Resigns

and returns home

Grant

goes to Springfield

After his graduation Grant fought in the Mexican War as lieutenant under General Taylor and later under General Scott. After peace was restored he served in California as a captain, but very soon resigned, and when

the Civil War broke out in 1861 he was working as a clerk in his father's store at Galena, Illinois.

168. A Great General. When Lincoln's call for seventy-five thousand men startled the country, Grant

was made chairman of a meeting at Galena called to raise a company of soldiers. He then went to Springfield,

where the governor set him to work drilling soldiers and getting them ready for the war. After a time he became

colonel of a regiment. A

further promotion followed

His

promotions

which made him a brigadier-general in command of several regiments. Later still he rose to be majorgeneral, in command of an army.

Early in the war it was seen that in order to conquer the Confederacy it must be split in two by gaining possession of the Mississippi River. As a part of the great campaign with this end in view, we

find Brigadier-General Grant directing the attacks on Fort Henry and Fort Donelson. These places were less than ten miles apart, in western Tennessee.

Captures
Forts

Donelson

With the help of Commodore Foote and his gunboats, Grant easily captured Fort Henry. To take Fort Donelson was not so easy. The Confederates tried to break Henry through the right wing of Grant's army. After hard and fighting they were driven back, and General Buckner asked what terms Grant would give if they surrendered. To this General Grant replied that he would consider "no terms but an unconditional and immediate surrender I propose to move immediately upon your This answer has become famous.

works."

The surrender of Fort Henry and Fort Donelson forced