other colonists and shared then, as now, all the responsibilities of citizenship.

1701. According to Dr. Hewat, the population of South Carolina was 7,000. It consisted of a medley from many countries, and of different faiths. There were Cavaliers and Puritans from England, Dissenters from Scotland, Dutchmen from New York, French Huguenots, and Africans.

1712. The Assembly of South Carolina offered fourteen pounds to the owners and importers of each healthy male British servant, between the ages of twelve and thirty years, "not a criminal."

1715. Five hundred Irish immigrated, at their own expense, to occupy the lands from which the Yamassee Indians had been driven, but finding them laid out in baronies for the Lords Proprietors, most of them removed to the North.

1718. The Lords Proprietors, having advanced 18,000 pounds for the settlers, refused to furnish additional supplies, and when asked for cattle, replied that "they wished not to encourage graziers, but planters."

1719. The Proprietors sold their right and interest in the soil and government of Carolina to the King, for 17,500 pounds and an additional 5,000 pounds for the quitrents over-due by the colonists, except the share retained by Carteret, Earl Granville.

1724. According to Dr. Hewat, the population was 32,000.

1730. The colonial government marked out eleven townships of 20,000 acres each, and offered fifty acres,

rent free, for ten years, to every man, woman, and child who would come over to occupy them. After that period a rental of four shillings a hundred acres was to be paid annually.

1731. The government offered Peter Pury 400 pounds for every hundred effective men brought over from Switzerland. Three hundred and seventy arrived, and were granted 40,000 acres on the lower Savannah River, at Purysburg. Full fare across the ocean at this time was five pounds each for immigrants.

1733. The Scotch-Irish descendants of the Scotch Covenanters, from Down County, Ireland, settled Williamsburg County, and named it after King William III.

1735. A colony of Germans settled in Orangeburg County, which is named after the Prince of Orange.

1736. The Assembly granted a large tract of land on the Pedee, afterward known as Welsh Neck, to Welsh settlers from Pennsylvania.

1739. The Council appropriated 6,000 pounds as a bounty to the first 200 immigrants (above twelve years of age, two under twelve to count as one,) from Wales, settling upon the Welsh tract on the Pedee. It offered in addition to each head above twelve years, twelve bushels of corn, one barrel of beef, fifty pounds of pork, one hundred pounds of rice, and one bushel of salt; and to each male, one axe, one broad hoe, one cow and calf, and one young sow.

1746. After the battle of Culloden, many of the Scotch rebels were removed to South Carolina.

1755. Governor Glen opened the upper-country for settlement by a treaty with the Cherokee Indians, obtaining from them the cession of a large tract of territory, and by erecting in the northwest (Pickens County) Fort Prince George. Following this many Scotch-Irish and other settlers came into the up-country-Lancaster, York, Chester, and so forth.

1760. After Braddock's defeat, numbers of Pennsylvanians and Virginians, feeling insecure on account of the Indians, moved overland to the upper part of the colony.

1764. King George furnished 300 pounds, tents, 150 stands of arms, and two small vessels, to a colony of Germans who received, on reaching Charleston, 500 pounds from the Assembly, and were assigned lands in Londonderry Township (Edgefield County).

1764. Two hundred and twelve French Protestants reached Charleston, and were furnished transportation to Long Cane, Abbeville County, where they settled New Bordeaux Township.

1765. Population, according to Hewat: White, 38,000; negro, 85,000; total, 123,000.

1783. The War of Independence having ended, great multitudes from Europe and the Eastern and Middle parts of America moved into this State.

Motives of Settlers.-Such, in brief, were the various and numerous peoples who contributed to the early colonization of South Carolina. The first permanent settlement had for its motive the ambition of certain

wealthy English noblemen. In the hope of increasing their power and wealth, they offered lands, transportation, and bounties to all adventurers; offers not unacceptable to the crowded populations of Europe, who had fallen heirs to religious, social, and political oppressions as their sole legacy. Afterward colonization was promoted by direct trade with England, by European wars and persecutions, by military disasters in the Northern States, by largesses offered to settlers by the local government, and last, but above all, by the successful issue of the War of Independence, which opened this country to the oppressed of all nations.

Varied Citizenship of the State.-Natives of each State and Territory of the Union, except Alaska and Washington, are found in South Carolina; the largest number are from North Carolina, Georgia, Virginia, and New York. There are, also, among the citizens of South Carolina, natives of Africa, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bohemia, Canada, Newfoundland, Central America, China, Cuba, Denmark, France, Germany, England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Greece, Greenland, Holland, Hungary, India, Italy, Malta, Mexico, Norway, the Pacific Islands, Poland, Portugal, Russia, South America, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, and the West Indies.

NOTE: Much of the matter of this chapter has been taken from Hammond's South Carolina; Resources and Population; Institutions and Industries.

CHAPTER VII

KING GEORGE'S FATUITY

Grievances of the Colonies. It will be well, at this point, to notice briefly some of the earliest grievances of the colonies against British authority, which led ultimately to revolution.

Toward the end of 1760, immediately after the overthrow of the French in America, George III came to the British throne with very high notions of royal prerogatives. His grandfather and great-grandfather, had been mere puppets in the hands of their ministers, and George III, whom his ambitious mother continued to her latest breath to urge to "Be King, George! Be King!" deemed it his duty to be King in fact as well as in name, and to put an end to the ministerial control of affairs. He seems to have been a somewhat conscientious young man, but extremely narrow-minded and ill-informed, and he now took it into his head to grasp all authority and hold it firmly in his own hands. The elder Pitt, the finest type of English statesman, had to resign, and only pliant servants of George's will were summoned to the cabinet. There was naturally an exaltation of mind at that time in respect to English power, as India and America had just been won and British supremacy on the ocean was unchallenged. So it was to be expected that a monarch constituted mentally and morally as was George III would have an exaggerated idea of the King's power, and that he would inevitably try experi