while England and Spain were at peace, attacks were made upon the Carolinians and retaliatory attacks by the Carolinians on the Spaniards, each side inciting the Indians to war upon the other. In 1706 the Spaniards and French, then at war with Great Britain, undertook an expedition against Charles Town with the hope of recovering the territory of Carolina; but Governor Sir Nathaniel Johnson was vigilant and able in his attention to all of his official duties and, although yellow fever was raging in the city at the time, the Carolinians met the attack with such promptness and vigor that the enemy was repulsed at two points and retired. We are reminded, by the signals that then were displayed along the coast of James Island and Charles Town harbor, at the approach of the Spanish fleet, of the similar warnings that were placed on the coast of England at the approach of the Spanish Armada in 1588, and of Macaulay's lines:

"For swift to east and swift to west the ghastly warflame spread;

High on St. Michael's mount it shone; it shone on Beachy Head.

Far on the deep the Spaniard saw, along each southern

shire,

Cape beyond cape, in endless range, those twinkling points of fire!"

Thus failed the first attempt to take the city of Charles Town by means of a naval force, and thus began the display on the part of the people of this old

city of a power of resistance unsurpassed in the annals of war, reaching its climax in the repeated and futile attempts of the powerful Federal fleet to enter the harbor during the War Between the Sections.

Spaniards Incite Indians.-Georgia, which had become a barrier between Spanish Florida and British Carolina, under Oglethorpe's leadership rendered efficient aid in protecting Carolina from Spanish invasion; but this could not save the Colony from small conflicts arising from proximity to the Spanish possessions. The Spaniards were continually inciting the Indians to massacre and the negroes to insurrection, and were committing other depredations, such as stealing negroes and persuading them to run away from their masters.

Attacks by Indians.-After the Spaniards abandoned their attempt to take Carolina from the English, the colonists had to defend themselves from the Indians. There followed a series of wars with the Kussos, in the immediate neighborhood of Charles Town; then with the Westos, whose territory was between Charles Town and the Edisto; then the Appalachees were incited to war with the colonies in 1703. The result of the wars was that these savages were driven back, divided, and gave no more trouble. The still more serious war with the Tuscaroras came in 1711, in which Colonel John Barnwell won the title of "Tuscarora" Barnwell. After a time the Yamassees, who had so bravely fought with the Carolinians against the Tuscaroras, turned upon their former allies and nearly succeeded in destroying the colony; but Craven at last drove them out of the

State, and there was a period of security. During these wars there was much suffering and as many daring adventures and quick-witted services as are recorded in the conflict between the white and the red men. The massacre of the Gould family, the massacres on Buffalo Creek, and at Old Town, left the people of these settlements in a most deplorable condition, and these horrors were endured for more than ten years. From 1749 to 1761 there was not a settlement in the upper part of Carolina that was not exposed to the attacks of the savages.

James Glen.-James Glen was one of the most noteworthy Governors of the Royal period. He held the appointment from 1738 to 1756, although he was actually in the country only from 1743. His administration is associated with the beginning of the era of prosperity in the province. A tablet to his memory has recently been placed in the State House in Columbia.

Cherokee War.-At last came the war with the Cherokees, which was prosecuted with great vigor by the Carolinians. Among the officers and men of mark in these encounters with the savages we find the immortal names of Laurens, Moultrie, Marion, Middleton, Huger, and Pickens. An English officer, Colonel James Grant, was in command, and he was unsparing in the punishment he inflicted upon the red men. The Indians were so utterly ruined that they humbly sued for peace and shrank away into their mountain fastnesses.

Pirates. Carolina at this time had other troublesome people to contend with besides the French, Spaniards,

and Indians. These were the pirates that infested our coast, and Colonel William Rhett, who had distinguished himself so greatly with John Barnwell in fighting the Indians, now came conspicuously to the front in destroying the pirates. Barnwell and Rhett have become honored names in Carolina, because at every crisis men bearing them have done the State high and noble service. The two names were at last combined in the splendid figure of Barnwell Rhett, who led the secession movement.

CHAPTER V

THE INDIANS

Who Are the Indians?-When Columbus discovered America he supposed that he had reached the coast of India, and he therefore called the natives Indians; and from that day to the present they have been known by this name. Though comparatively few in number, and much lower in the scale of development than the residents of India, they today bear the name without qualification or modifying description, while the vast host of Indians of the old world are known as East Indians.

There has been a great deal of discussion as to the origin of these remarkable people. Some ethnologists regard them as a branch of the great Mongolian family, which, in a very remote period, may have found its way from Asia to the American continent, remaining here for many thousands of years separated from the rest of mankind, passing, meanwhile, through various grades of savagery, developed at last into a distinct people. Others claim for them an origin disconnected from all European races, a people as indigenous to the continent of America as the flora and fauna found here as the maize or the buffalo.

We

This question we shall not attempt to decide. only know that the authorities are agreed on the point that from Canada to Cape Horn there is such a degree of uniformity in physical and moral characteristics as to warrant the conclusion of a common origin of all the