E. E. Pressley, D. D., as president. The next president of great distinction is the Rev. William Moffatt Grier, D. D. He filled the office from 1871 to 1899.

There is also at Due West a Theological Seminary and a college for women, both belonging to the Associate Reformed Presbyterians.

At Spartanburg is Wofford College, endowed by Benjamin Wofford, who bequeathed a large amount of money to the conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church for the establishment of a college for literary, classical, and scientific education. Some of the most successful educators of the State have labored in this college, conspicuous among them are Dr. H. N. Snyder and James H. Carlisle, LL. D.

Newberry College was established by the Evangelical Lutheran Synod of South Carolina in 1856, and has done and is still doing splendid work, and is rapidly enlarging its facilities and activities. The names of Dr. Bachman, Dr. Holland, Dr. Cromer, and of its present president, Dr. James A. B. Scherer, are closely identified with its life.

At Greenville we have Furman University. This institution was first located at Stateburg as a high school, with Dr. John M. Roberts as its principal. There it was chosen by the Baptist Convention for the education of young men. It was then removed to Edgefield and then back to the High Hills of Santee, then to Fairfield, and finally to Greenville. The most conspicuous names in its history are Dr. Richard Furman, Dr. James C. Furman, Dr. Manly, and Dr. Judson.

At Greenville, also, is the Greenville Baptist Female College, an institution that is growing in public favor.

The Columbia College, in Columbia, is under the control of the Methodist Conference of South Carolina, and is in a very prosperous condition.

The College for Women, in Columbia, which is the only college in the State that has a woman president, is conducted with the highest degree of success by Miss Euphemia McClintock, who has advanced it to the front rank of educational institutions.

Converse College, at Spartanburg, is also for the education of women. It was liberally endowed by D. E. Converse, and is one of the best-equipped and most successfully managed colleges in the South.

Chicora Female College, at Greenville, is under the management of the Presbyterian Church, as are also Clinton College and Thornwell Orphanage at Clinton.

Limestone College for Women, at Gaffney, a Baptist institution, is doing valuable work under the accompublished Lee Davis Lodge.

Four progressive coeducational institutions may be grouped in brief mention: Leesville College at Leesville, Lander College at Greenwood, Welsh Neck High School at Hartsville, and the South Carolina Coeducational Institute at Edgefield.

We should also mention the Presbyterian Theological Seminary at Columbia and the Medical College of South Carolina at Charleston, both efficient institutions.

Besides the colleges, there are schools and societies for educational purposes in South Carolina that are

of the oldest in America. Among these are the Winyah Indigo Society at Georgetown, still doing good educational work; the Mt. Zion Society at Winnsboro, also in active service and carrying with it the high reputation of James W. Hudson.

Moses Waddell, who taught, at his famous school at Willington in Abbeville County, many of South Carolina's greatest men, among them Calhoun, Legare, McDuffie, and Petigru, is worthy of special mention in any account of education in South Carolina.

The St. David Society, at Society Hill, in Darlington County, still continues its useful work. Its school is flourishing, and the old library of several hundred volumes, out of which grew the Cheraw Lyceum, providing lectures by eminent scholars and promoting other good literary work, is still maintained.

The old Claremont Literary Society at Stateburg had as its successor the Stateburg Literary Society, under the good influence of which was brought into existence recently the General Sumter Memorial Academy.

Charleston College, which is neither a State nor a denominational institution, has given to South Carolina many of its most cultured men. The institution is in a flourishing condition today.

The above summary review of educational affairs in South Carolina may serve, at least, to show how the ground was prepared for the very great progress already made along educational lines and for the promise of continual and healthy growth.

CHAPTER XXXI

EARLY TRADE AND FARMING IN SOUTH CAROLINA Lumber Our First Export.-At the first settlement of South Carolina the export of lumber to the Barbados and England began. The noble primeval forest presented an inviting field for industry. The most important timber was pine, oak, walnut, and cedar, the last exported for use as masts and spars. Turpentine, tar, rosin, and pitch are frequently mentioned among the early exports. Stock raising was an early and profitable employment. McCrady says: "The first fortunes in Carolina were made in the Indian trade, a trade which the Proprietors jealously endeavored to appropriate to themselves. Guns, powder and shot, beads, trinkets, bright colored cloaks, blankets, and rum were exchanged for skins and furs of wild animals and other Indian peltry. With the execption of rice, the fur and skins obtained from the Indians continued to be the most valuable commodity in the colonial trade as late as 1747."

}

This trade about 1700 extended near one thousand miles up the country west from Charles Town. "Beaver, bear, deer, fox, raccoon, wildcat, and other animals whose skins and furs were valuable, received early attention. Considering the time, the circumstances, and the difficulty of transportation from the vast interior, it is surprising to know that as early as 1710, 70,000 deer

skins were exported; in 1731, 250,000; and in 1748 the seemingly enormous quantity of 600,000. The value of a deer skin then was thirty cents and the value now about four times that amount."

Rice Introduced.—The date of the origin of rice culture in this State is not definitely known. It probably began soon after the settlement on Ashley River. The name of Dr. Henry Woodward is mentioned in connection with its introduction from Madagascar. Governor Thomas Smith is sometimes credited with introducing rice into the colony, and it is certain that he greatly encouraged the production. Rice soon became the chief support of the colony. When it was first introduced there were few negroes in the province, but by 1734 not only was home consumption amply supplied but 18,000 barrels of rice were shipped abroad. In 1760 the surplus over consumption which was exported had risen to 100,000 barrels, and in 1770 to 120,000 barrels, with a value of $1,530,000.

This was a wonderful result, when the primitive conditions of colonial times are considered. "Then the crops were raised with imperfect facilities of irrigation; the flail in the hands of the laborer was the only means of separating the grain from the sheaf, and the chaff was taken off by drying it in a crude wooden mill; a rude mortar made of a pine stump, with a pestle of seasoned lightwood in the hands of a laborer was the only contrivance to clean the grain for market." Every large rice plantation had its cooper shop. The rice was packed in barrels, hauled on wooden sleds by oxen to