of the Confederates were all moving northward down the Shenandoah Valley. Stuart was east of the Blue Ridge, covering the movement.

The war had divided families, especially in the border States; in Kentucky, Maryland, and Missouri brothers were fighting against brothers. Kentucky had not seceded, but many citizens of that State had joined the Confederates, among them Major Todd, brother of Mrs. Lincoln.

June 22.

The Confederate corps leading the advance of Lee's army, commanded by General Ewell, reached Williamsport, crossed the Potomac, and moved on to Chambersburg. Major Todd was in Ewell's command. He attempted to enter the house of Dr. Stevens uninvited, but was confronted by Miss Stevens, the doctor's daughter, who raised an axe and stood ready to strike. "I'll split your head open," she said. The major thought it prudent to give up the attempt.

June 27.

When the Confederates reached Chambersburg, Hooker comprehended the meaning of the movement. The Union army crossed the Potomac. Again he asked that the troops at Harper's Ferry be transferred to his command. He intended to join them to the Twelfth Corps, under General Slocum, making a force of 25,000 to close upon the rear of Lee, and prevent his receiving supplies. General Halleck again refused, whereupon Hooker sent a despatch to Mr. Stanton, resigning the command of the army.

Mr. Stanton was greatly depressed. No other officer knew what plan, if any, General Hooker had in view. A great battle must soon be fought.

"Will you please come to the War Office, at once?" the message from the Secretary of War.

Mr. Lincoln entered and read the despatch; the blood for a moment left his face, as if the heart had ceased to beat.

"What shall be done, Mr. President?"

"Accept his resignation," the instant reply. (")

Such prompt action warrants the conclusion that Mr. Lincoln had anticipated such a possible contingency, and had decided the question of a successor to Hooker. He knew General George G. Meade had rendered efficient service as a division commander on the peninsula and at Fredericksburg. He was a native and citizen of Pennsylvania. The Confederate army was about to invade that State. The people would have confidence in him. He was a Democrat, but not a partisan. He would have the confidence of the War Democrats. (") Mr. Lincoln was in doubt whether he should appoint Meade or General Reynolds. The latter was also from Pennsylvania, and had shown marked qualities

of character, and was equally well qualified to assume command of the army.

A special train came from Washington, bringing Colonel Hardie with a letter to General Hooker from the President, relieving him, and another to General Meade, commanding the Fifth Corps, appointing him commander-in-chief.

June 28.

It was a surprise to General Meade and to the army. I saw him a few minutes after he received the order, standing with bowed head and downcast eyes, his slouched hat drawn down and shading his features. He was lost in thought. His uniform was the worse for wear during hard service. As a loyal soldier he accepted the great responsibility. General Hooker bade good-bye to his officers with the tears coursing down his cheeks. He issued a brief but tender, pathetic, and patriotic address:

"With the earnest prayer that the triumph of this army may bring successes worthy of it and the nation, I bid it farewell."

NOTES TO CHAPTER XIX.

(1) Schucker's "Life of Salmon P. Chase," p. 379. (2) Warden's "Life of Salmon P. Chase," p. 475. (3) Charles Sumner was born in Boston, June 11, 1881. At the age of 19 he graduated from Harvard University, studied law, and was appointed reporter of the United States Circuit Court. While occupying that position he edited the "American Jurist,” and gave lectures on constitutional law in Harvard University. In 1837 he visited Great Britain and Europe. During three years' sojourn abroad he acquired several European languages was received as a scholar in all countries. At a civic banquet, July 4, 1845, he delivered an oration upon the "True Grandeur of Nations," in which he vigorously assailed the attitude of the United States towards Mexico, maintaining that all differences between the two countries should be settled by arbitration. The oration attracted much attention in the United States and other countries. He opposed the annexation of Texas. He saw that it was wholly in the interest of slavery. He published a letter in which he commented severely upon the course of Robert C. Winthrop, representative in Congress, for favoring the war. His pronounced position against the extension of slavery led, in 1851, to his election as Senator to succeed Daniel Webster. He remained in the Senate till his death, March 11, 1874. A speech delivered May 19 and 20, 1856, upon “The Crime in Kansas," led Preston S. Brooks, member of Congress from South Carolina, to brutally assault Mr. Summer in the Senate-chamber, dealing a blow which felled him to the floor, and from which he never fully recovered. Brooks was expelled from the House, but was immediately re-elected and presented with a gold-headed cane by his constituents. After the assault Mr. Sumner visited Europe to obtain medical treatment. Upon resuming his seat he took an active part in all matters of legislation. He saw, with President Lincoln and Secretary Seward, that the seizure of Mason and Slidell was a violation of international law. Through the War of the Rebellion he occupied an influential position as chairman of the Senate Committee on Foreign Affairs. His speech upon

the Alabama Claims in 1869 caused much excitement in England, when it was looked upon as an attempt to bring about a war with that country. Mr. Summer opposed the acquisition of Santo Domingo as proposed by President Grant. His attitude led to his deposition from the chairmanship of the Committee on Foreign Affairs. The transaction was regarded as unwarranted. Mr. Sumuer became antagonistic to President Grant's Administration, and in 1872 supported Horace Greeley for the Presidency, and was nominated by the Democratic Party of Massachusetts for Governor. The nomination was declined. He advocated the removal from the regimental colors of the army and from the army register the names of battles won by Union troops, and introduced a bill to that effect. The Legislature of Massachusetts passed a resolution censuring his course, which, however, was rescinded before his death. Upon the assassination of President Lincoln Mr. Sumner gave an oration beginning with a memorable sentence: "There are no mistakes in the universe of God." As statesman and scholar Mr. Sumner will ever occupy an exalted position.—Author.

(4) Henry J. Raymond was born in New York City, January 24, 1820, but was taken to the country by his parents. His early years were passed on a farm. He graduated at the University of Vermont at the age of 20, studied law, but became, in 1841, associated with Horace Greeley as assistant editor of the New York "Tribune." Subsequently he was connected with the New York "Courier and Enquirer," and with the publishing house of Harper & Brothers. In 1849 he was elected to the State Senate, and the following year to the Assembly, and became Speaker. In 1851 he established the New York "Times." He was active in the formation of the Republican Party, and became Lieutenant-governor of the State, 1854. He was offered the nomination for Governor in 1857, but declined the honor. In the memorable contest between Stephen A. Donglas and Abraham Lincoln in 1858 Mr. Raymond advocated the election of Douglas. He warmly supported Mr. Seward in 1860 as candidate for the Presidency, but supported Mr. Lincoln during the campaign. He was again elected to the State Assembly in 1861, and was a candidate for Senator in 1863, but was defeated by Edwin D. Morgan. In 1864 he was elected to Congress. During his Congressional term he compiled a "History of President Lincoln's Administration,” also the "Life and Services of President Lincolu." He died June 18, 1869.—Author.

(5) H. J. Raymond's Diary, "Scribner's Magazine," January 1, 1880. (*) Ibid.

(1) Ibid., March, 1880.

(8) Ibid.

(*) Ibid.

(19) Schuyler Colfax, "Reminiscences of Abraham Lincoln,” p. 339.

(11) “Every-day Life of Abraham Lincoln,” p. 592.

(12) Ibid., 498.

His early

(13) Benjamin F. Wade was born in Springfield, Mass., October 27, 1810. life was one of great hardship. His boyhood was passed on a farm. When thirteen years old he aided in driving a herd of cattle from Massachusetts to Philadelphia. He worked as a laborer in the construction of the Erie Canal, earning sufficient money to begin the study of medicine, but the legal profession being more congenial to his taste, he became an attorney when twenty years of age at Jefferson, O., forming a partnership with Joshua R. Giddings. In 1835 he was elected prosecuting attorney of Ashtabula County, and in 1837 a member of the State Senate. He was elected to the Senate of the United States, 1851. He was a determined opponent of the aggressions of the slave power. He made a brave and resolute speech in the Senate after the brutal assault upon Senator Charles Sumner by Preston S. Brooks, of South Carolina. He was made chairman of the Committee on the Conduct of the War. After the death of President

Lincoln he became, as President of the Senate, acting Vice-president of the United States. He was ever outspoken in his opinions. He died at Jefferson, O., 1878.-Author.

(14) Owen Lovejoy was born in Allison Me., 1811. His father was a Congregationalist minister. He worked on a farm till eighteen years of age, and then by his own exertions paid his way through Bowdoin College. He was present at Alton, Ill., when his brother, Rev. E. P. Lovejoy, was murdered by a pro-slavery mob in defence of the liberty of the Press. Over the dead body of his brother he vowed eternal hostility to slavery. He prepared himself for the clerical profession, and became pastor of the Congregational church, Princeton, Ill. The church excluded slave-holders from its fellowship. Mr. Lovejoy was active in aiding fugitive slaves to reach Cauada. He took an active part in political affairs and was elected to the Legislature of Illinois, where he made the acquaintance of Mr. Lincoln, and became his personal friend. He was elected to Congress, 1858. He took a prominent part in debate, and was held in high esteem by his political opponents for nobility of character and uncompromising fidelity to principle. He was a frequent visitor to the White House, and was greatly beloved by the President.-Author.

(15) J. W. Forney, "Anecdotes of Public Men,” vol. i., p. 167.

(16) George S. Boutwell, “Reminiscences of Abraham Lincoln,” p. 128. (17) Ibid.

THE

CHAPTER XX.

GETTYSBURG.

HE sun was setting on the last day of June when a division of Union cavalry under General Buford entered the town of Gettysburg. The scouts had been watching the roads leading through the mountains towards the Cumberland Valley. During the previous night they had seen the Confederate camp-fires gleaming in the west. General Buford had been directed by General Reynolds to proceed to Gettysburg and hold that section of the country. It was known that Ewell's corps of the Confederate army was near Harrisburg, and the main body of the army west of Gettysburg. Reynolds saw that a collision must soon take place. The cavalrymen, as they wheeled into the public square, beheld Pettigrew's brigade of Confederate infantry descending the hill on the Chambersburg turnpike west of the town. They were intending to help themselves to boots, shoes, and clothing from the stores, but, seeing the Union troops, they retraced their steps to Herr's Tavern, beyond Willoughby Run. The cavalry followed to that stream, along which the pickets of both armies watched through the night.

From the road in front of the tavern, at seven o'clock in the July 1. morning. Pegram's cannon sent a shell across Willoughby Run, 1863. and a moment later the guns of Calef's battery made reply. The battle of Gettysburg had begun.

The scenes of that conflict are a part of the history of the war. (See "Marching to Victory.") It has come to be regarded as the turningpoint of the Rebellion - deciding the destiny of the nation and of republican government.

Through the forenoon of the national holiday I was riding over the battle-field. The Confederates were holding the ground along the woods from whence Pickett's division advanced on the preceding afternoon, but behind the outposts were unmistakable signs that Lee was preparing to retreat. A little later I saw baggage- wagons

July 4.