TO-KEI-TOKEN.

of wine. Large quantities of imitation T. are made by French and German chemists, and sent to all parts of Europe, not excepting Hungary itself, so that purchasers need to guard against imposition.

TO-KEI: a variant of Tokio (q.v.).

TOKEN, n. to'kn [Goth. taikns; Ger. zeichen, a mark, a token: Icel. teikna; Dan. tegne, to mark, to draw: Dut. teeken; Icel. teikn, a token]: something meant to represent another thing; a mark; a sign; an indication; a symptom; a memorial of friendship; a stamped piece of metal used as coin, but worth much less than its nominal value, and intended to serve a temporary purpose: in the Scotch Presb. churches, a stamped metal ticket of admission to the Lord's Supper: in printing, ten and a half quires of paper: V. in OE., for BETOKEN. To'KENLESS, a. -les, without a token.-Tokens, or stamped pieces of metal or other material intended to serve as evidences of value which they did not possess, first came into use in England in the reign of Henry VIII., in the lack of any authorized coins for the fractions of a penny; and in the

Fig. 1.-Token of the Triumph, or Pageant Tavern, Charing

Cross, 1661.

reign of Elizabeth, stamped tokens of lead, tin, and even leather, issued by vintners, grocers, and other tradesmen,

Fig. 2.-Token of the Mermaid Tavern, Cheapside, London, about beginning of 17th century.

passed largely from hand to hand, and were payable at the shops where issued. The corporations of Bristol, Oxford, and Worcester also had their tokens. In the face of later royal prohibitions, private tokens, principally of brass, continued to circulate, especially during the civil war. Numerous tradesmen's tokens, mostly of copper, were again struck during the scarcity of money at the close of the 18th c. On account of the scarcity of current silver money, previous to the new coinage of 1817, silver pieces known as Bank Tokens, of the respective values of 58., 38., and 18. 6d., were issued by the Bank of England: they were called in on the revision of the coinage.-See Chambers's Book of Days, I. 535.

TOKIO, to kyō ('Eastern Capital,' as distinguished from Saikio (Kioto), the Western Capital'); chief city, and since 1869, March 26, cap of Japan; in the e. of the main island of the Japanese group, on both banks of the Sumida, a large and rapid river (called sometimes O-gawa, or The River), spanned by six wide bridges (varying in length from 750 to 1,050 ft.), at the head of the Bay of Yedo, and traversed by a vast network of canals: lat. 35° 40′ n., long 139° 47 e: area about 28 sq. m., nearly equal to that of Paris.-Pop. (1889) 1,138,546; (1891) 1,155,290. Until 1868, Sep. 13, i.e., during the continuance of the Tokugawa (q.v.) shogunate, T. was known as YEDO (River Door'). It was originally a rude fortress, founded 1456, surrounded by a few scattered villages, much of the more level parts of the present city being under water, or a mere succession of lagoons which have since been filled in. In 1598. Iyeyasu, founder of the Tokugawa line of Shoguns, laid out a city here and made it his capital. Under the shoguns, T. (Yedo) was divided into three parts: (1) The O-shiro or Castle, ramparted and moated, area 17 sq. m., circumference nearly 5 m. Here was the shogun's palace-where the mikado also resided when he removed his court to T. In 1873, May, this palace was burned down, and the emperor removed to the Yashiki, or mansion of the Prince of Kishiu, where he continued to reside until the recent completion of his own new palace. (2) The Soto-shiro, the portion outside the castle, also ramparted and moated. In this space chiefly were situated the Yashikis of the daimios, or territorial nobles, who with many thousands of their retainers were compelled to spend a large portion of the year in Yedo, under the eye and control of the shogun. (3) The machi, or tradesmen's part, extending all round the Soto-shiro, and across the river. For administrative purposes T. is now divided into 15 ku or districts, two of which, Honjo and Fukagawa are e. of the river. Kojimachi in the very centre of the city contains the castle, the parade-ground, most of the government offices, courts of justice, foreign legations, and the Kobu-dai-gaku, commonly called the Imperial College of Engineering (now a dept. of the univ.), with a large and efficient staff of foreign professors. North of the castle and between the two moats lies Kanda; in this district are situated the Nobles' School, and the Nobles' Club (both large buildings in European style), and the Imperial Univ., which, when founded 1856, bore the curious name Ban-shō shirabe-jo, or Place for examining Barbarian Writings. This was changed 1863 to Kai-sei-jō, or ‘Place for transforming and completing,' and is now Dai Gaku, or (place of) Great Learning.' In this part of the city is also the temple of Kanda or Kanda Mio-jin, where are worshipped O-na-muchi, the aboriginal deity of the country (said to have abdicated in favor of the mikado's ancestors, when they descended from heaven), and his adopted brother. Not far from this is Sei-do or the temple of Confucius, charmingly situated on a hill-side, in the midst of a splendid grove of trees.' Under the shoguns

this was the univ. for the study of Chinese literature. It is now a public library of native, Chinese, and foreign books. Near Seido is the public park of Uyeno, where the museum is, and where the exhibition was held. This property belonged originally to the Todo family, but was taken by the shogun, 1625, as a site for a set of Buddhist temples that should surpass all others in Japan. The main temple (burned down 1868 during a bloody battle between the imperialists and the supporters of the shogun) is said to have been one of the chief triumphs of Japanese architectural skill, and was considered the metropolitan temple of all Japan.' The high priest, always a son of the reigning mikado, was kept here for political reasons. T. abounds in temples (both Buddhist and Shinto), the most popular of which is perhaps the temple of Kwan-on (commonly called the goddess of mercy'), in Asakusa, to which thousands of the middle and lower classes daily resort for devotion, but chiefly for pleasure. Booths and stalls and 'shows' of all sorts abound in the neighborhood. In the public gardens of Shiba are the mortuary temples of seven of the Tokugawa shoguns, standing in the extensive and finely wooded grounds of the temple of Zo-zo ji, which was under the protection of Iyeyasů. The main building was destroyed by fire (the work of an incendiary) 1874, Jan. 1.

T. stands in a great plain extending n. and s about 100 m., and from the coast to the mountains 20 to 60 m. This plain, one of the most fertile in Japan, is tilled with great skill and labor, irrigation and manuring being adopted to the fullest extent. It is traversed by many large rivers, from one of which an abundant water-supply is brought 40 m. to T. Smaller streams intersect the plain in every direction, and form rich and lovely valleys, the ridges between which rise at very few places more than 200 ft. above sea level: T. is connected with Yokohama, Kioto, Ozaka, Kobe, etc, by several lines of railway; and a large extent of telegraphic line now gives it close communication with the s., n., and w. of the empire; and with the outside world by cable from Nagasaki.

The main body of the new imperial army is located and drilled in the capital. Its creation after the great revolution of 1868 was superintended by French officers. The Military College is still under French instructors. There is a large arsenal, well stocked with excellent modern machinery, in T.; also a naval college with British instructors, where cadets for the marine service receive a good scientific education and practical training. The Medical School, a part of the university, has a large and efficient staff of German professors. In 1889 T. had 328 public, and 443 private primary schools. Horse-cars run along the Tori, or principal street. The police force is numerous and effective, and there are fire companies of about 2,000 men. Gas is used for street and shop lighting. Numerous newspapers (including more than a dozen dailies, edited and conducted with singular ability) and many periodicals and magazines are published, though the press (as elsewhere in

Japan) suffers severely from govt. censorship. The Japanese parliament or diet' meets here, and T. is the intellectual as well as the political centre of the country.-In 1869, Jan. 1, T. was opened to foreign commerce, but owing to the shallowness of the Bay of Yedo, the proximity to Yokohama (18 m.), the chief seaport of the country, and other causes, direct foreign trade is small; and Tsukiji ('made land'), as the foreign settlement is called, is practically abandoned to the missionaries.

T. has several woolen, silk, and paper mills; and much is done in bronze-work, porcelain-painting, manufacture of toys, fans, curios, etc. During the winter, fires are almost nightly occurrences, and the whole city has been burned over several times. In 1601 the whole city was laid in ashes: 1657 (it is said) 107,046 persons lost their lives; 500 daimio-mansions, 770 hatamoto-residences, 350 temples, and 1,200 streets are said to have been destroyed. In 1668 another great fire almost wiped out the city. In 1855 a single conflagration destroyed fully one-fourth of the city, and in 1876 in one night 8,000 houses were burned. This arises from the universal use of wood in building, and the slightness of construction. Brick and stone and foreign methods of construction, however, are now rapidly superseding native materials and methods, especially in the business part of the city. The whole business part of the city is studded with clay fire-proof kura or store-houses, into which all the chief valuables are hurriedly thrust on the breaking out of a fire in the vicinity, and the doors and windows cemented with clay which is kept in readiness-lighted candles having been placed inside before closing the last door in order to exhaust the inflammable oxygen of the inclosed air.

Earthquakes also have been destructive. One in 1703 caused 37,000 deaths. Another, 1855, Nov. 11, threw down 14,000 dwellings, and 16,000 kura or fire-proof godowns, and caused a loss of 100,000 lives.

Under the shoguns the pop. of T. must have been very large, owing to the large bodies of military retainers which the daimios were compelled to bring and keep with them during their long compulsory annual sojourn in the city. The pop. has been stated as high as several millions, but it is probable that it never exceeded that of the present city under the new régime.

Much of the glory of old T. (Yedo) has vanished, many stately palaces and rich temples having been burned to the ground, or allowed to decay. The new buildings are of European or semi-European style; fire-eating, twosworded men no longer throng the streets, and the Kago and Norimono have disappeared before the jiu-riki-sha and the horse-car. But the chief natural beauties of the city remain the 30 m. of tortuous moats, with their summer blaze of lotus-flowers, and the exquisitely beautiful parks and gardens, with their luxuriant flowers and rich wooding. Brit. Consular Reports; Adam's History of Japan; Griffis's Mikado's Empire; Aimé Humbert's Japon Illustré; Maurice Dubard's Japon Pittoresque; Sir Rutherford Al

TOKUGAWA--TOLAND.

cock's Capital of the Tycoon; Oliphant's Narrative of Lord Elgin's Mission; The Treaty Ports of China and Japan; Mossman's New Japan; Satow and Hawes's Guide to Japan; Rein's Japan.

TOKUGAWA, to'kú-ga'wa: family name of the 'dynasty' or line of Shoguns (q.v.), or commanders-in-chief, who virtually ruled Japan from 1603, when the mikado appointed Tokugawa Iyeyasu (1542-1616) to the office of Sei-i-tai-shogun, or 'Barbarian-subduing great-general,' to 1868, when the office of shogun was abolished, the feudal system came to an end, and the mikado took the government into his own hands. The Tokugawas are said to be descendants of the Minamoto, powerful military family which sprang from Emperor Sei wa in the 9th c. At the time of his appointment as shogun, Iyeyasu was lord of Mikawa, and of the eight provinces of the Kwanto (the region e. of the Hakone range of mountains) which he had received in 1590 from Taiko-sama (q.v.). From 1598 the capital of the T. was Yedo, now Tōkiō (q.v.).

TOLA, n. to'la [Skr. tolna, to weigh]: in India, a weight for gold and silver, about 180 grains troy.

TOLAND, to'land, JOHN: English deistical writer: 1669 (or 70), Nov. 30-1722, May 11; b. near the village of Redcastle, county of Londonderry, Ireland. His parents were Rom. Catholics, and he was brought up in that faith. His baptismal name was Janus Junius; but ridicule at school led him to change it to John. He entered the Univ. of Glasgow 1687, but removed to the Univ. of Edinburgh, where he took the degree M. A. 1690. Thence he passed to Leyden, where (having abandoned at Edinburgh the Rom. Cath. faith) he began theological studies with a view to the nonconformist ministry. After about two years he returned to England, and resided at Oxford, where his vanity, and the boldness of his opinions on religion, attracted notice. Here he prepared in great part the work Christianity Not Mysterious (London 1696), in which he avowed his principles. The work made a sensation in the theological world, was censured by convocation, and led to several replies; and in the following year T. returned to Ireland. There he was received as unfavorably as in England, and his book was burned publicly by the common hangman, by express vote of the Irish parliament. T. returned to London, where he published a defense; but soon turned from theological to political and literary subjects. His pamphlet Anglia Libera, on the succession of the House of Brunswick, led to his being received with favor by the Princess Sophia at the court of Hanover, and to his being sent on a kind of political mission to some German courts.

During his residence abroad, he published 1702 a vindication, in a moderate tone, of his book against the judg ment of the convocation; but 1705, he fully avowed himself a pantheist, being emboldened by the patronage of Harley, in whose service he had engaged as a political pamphleteer, and by whom he was sent to Holland and