TIPPERARY-TIPPOO SAHIB

mostly of clay-slate, surrounded or surmounted by sand stone. There is much bog in the central and e. districts, one continuous tract extending 30 m. The mineral productions are coal (anthracite), copper, lead, zinc, and fireclay; also excellent slates. Dairy-farming and raising of cattle have largely taken the place of the production of cereals. Flax is sparingly produced.

Anciently T. formed part of the two distinct principalities of Ormond, or North Munster, and Desmond, or South Munster: after the English invasion, T. was formed into a county by King John 1210; but the authority of the conquerors was long little more than nominal. Eventually it was divided between the Anglo-Norman families of Butler, which held Ormond, and Geraldine, to whom a portion of Desmond fell. The Anglo-Norman and Celtic antiquities are numerous: the city of Cashel, presenting, in the ruin of Holy Cross, a noble specimen of the monastic remains of the medieval period, and the castle of Cahir exhibiting the military and baronial architecture of the same age. There is a series of curious caves near the border of the county of Cork.

TIPPERA'RY: market-town of the county of T., Ireland; on the river Arra, 110 m. s.w. from Dublin by railway. T. has an extensive trade in butter. The town is very ancient, and soon after the invasion was occupied as a strong place by the English, who built a castle in it during the Irish expedition of King John. The town is well built and contains a large and handsome Rom. Cath. church and several Prot. churches.-Pop. (1891) 6,391.

TIPPET, n. tip'pět [AS. tæppet, a tippet-from L. tapētě, cloth-from Gr. tapes, a carpet]: a narrow garment or covering of fur or cloth for the neck and shoulder.

TIPPLE, v. tip'pl [Bav. zipfel, a corner of anything, a small portion: prov. Eng. tip, a draught of liquor: Low Ger. tippl, a dot, a fine drop: Norw. tipla, to drip slowly, to sip]: to drink intoxicating liquors frequently in small quantities or to excess: N. an excess in drinking intoxicating liquors: the liquor taken in tippling. TIP PLING, imp. -pling: ADJ. indulging in the habitual use of intoxicating liquors: N. the habitual use of strong liquors; a drinking to excess. TIPPLED, pp. tip'pld: ADJ. intoxicated. TIP PLER, n. -pler, one who tipples. TIPPLING-HOUSE, a shop where intoxicating liquors are retailed to be drunk on the premises; a dram-shop.

TIPPOO SAHIB, tip-po' sahib, Sultan of Mysore: 1749-1799, May 4; son of Hyder Ali (q.v.). Efforts were made to instruct him in Mohammedan learning; but T. preferred athletic exercises and the companionship of the French officers in his father's service, from whom he learned European military tactics. This knowledge he afterward put to effective use during his father's wars with the British. On the death of his father, he was crowned with little ceremony, returning at once to the head of his army, which was then engaged with the British near Arcot. In 1783 he captured and put to death most of the

TIPSTAFF TIRABOSCHI.

garrison of Bednore; but when his French allies had news of the peace between France and England, they retired from his service; and T. agreed to a treaty 1784, stipulating for the status quo before the war. His inveterate hatred of the English led him to invade the protected state of Travancore; and in the war (1790-1792) the British, under Colonel Stuart and Lord Cornwallis, were aided by the Mahrattas and the Nizam, who detested their powerful neighbor (T. being a fanatical Mohammedan); and though he laid waste the Carnatic almost to the gates of Madras, he was ultimately compelled (1792, Mar. 16) to resign one-half of his dominions, pay an indemnity, and give his two sons as hostages for his fidelity. Nevertheless, his secret intrigues in India against the British were almost immediately resumed; another embassy was sent to the French; and the invasion of Egypt by the latter in 1798, and T.'s machinations, having almost simultaneously become known to the gov.gen.. hostilities were begun 1799, Mar.; and two months afterward T. was driven from the open field, attacked in his capital of Seringapatam, and, after a gallant resistance, slain. His government of Mysore after 1792 was oppressive; yet T. was extremely popular, and after his death was esteemed by the Mohaminedans as a martyr to the faith of Islam.

TIPSTAFF, n. tip'stúf: see under TIP.

TIPSY, a. tip'si [Swab. tapps, Swiss, tips, a fuddling with drink: Swiss, tipseln, to fuddle one's self: connected with TIPPLE]: affected with liquor; slightly intoxicated. TIP'SILY, ad. li. TIP'SINESS, n. nes, the state of being tipsy.

TIPTOE, TIPTOP: see under TIP.

TIPULARY, a. tìp'ù-lèr-ž [L. tip'ula, an insect that runs swiftly over the water]: of or pertaining to insects of the genus Tipula, or the crane-fly kind.

TIPULA AND TIPU'LIDE: see CRANE-FLY.

TIRABOSCHI, tē-rá-bos'kë, GIROLAMO: Italian author: 1731, Dec. 18-1794, June 3; b. Bergamo. He studied at Monza, and entered the order of the Jesuits. Toward 1766 he was appointed prof. of rhetoric at Milan, where he wrote his first work, Vetera Humiliatorum Monumenta (1766); and 1770 succeeded Granelli as librarian to the Duke of Modena. T. now availed himself of the rich stores of the ducal library, besides making extensive researches in other archives, to compose Storia della Letteratura Italiana (History of Italian Literature) (13 vols. 1771-82; best ed., Milan, 16 vols. 1822-26). It embraces the history of ancient and modern Italy, and is especially valuable for the light which it throws on the intellectual condition of the peninsula during the dark ages, and the brilliant period from Dante to Tasso. T. ends his elaborate survey with the 17th c. It is impossible to praise too highly the learning and the conscientious accuracy of the author, even though minute and special investigations of many of the epochs have since necessitated revision of parts of the work. Abridged translations have appeared in

TIRADE-TIREE.

French and German. A continuation embracing the litera ture of the 18th c. was written by Lombardi (Storia della Letteratura Italiana nel Secolo XVIII.). T. died at Modena. Other works by him are Biblioteca Modenese (6 vols. Mod. 1781-86); Memorie Storiche Modenesi (3 vols. Mod 1793).

TIRADE, n. ti-rād' [F. tirade, a long train of words— from F. tirer, to draw]: a long train of words; a long. drawn passage or sequence of expression on a single theme; a long-drawn declamatory outpour of words, especially in censure or reproof.

TIRAILLEUR, n. tìr'î-yėr' [F.]: one of a body of sharp shooters thrown out from the main body of an army, put in front to annoy the enemy; a skirmisher.

TIRE, n. tir [an abbreviation of ATTIRE, which see]: in OE., a head-dress; attire; furniture; apparatus: V. in ŎE., to dress the head by doing up the hair; adorn; attire. TIRE-WOMAN, a female head dresser; a milliner; a dresser in a theatre. TIRING-ROOM, the dressing-room of a theatre. TIRING-HOUSE, in OE., a tiring-room.

TIRE, n. tir [from tie, to fasten or bind]: a heavy band or hoop of iron placed around a wheel to form the tread and to tie or bind the fellies of wheels together.

TIRE, v. tir [AS. teran, to break, to tear: Low Ger teren, to pull, to plague: Sw. tæra, to rub, to wear away: AS. tirian, to vex, to irritate: O. Dut. tergen; Dan. tærge; Ger. zergen, to irritate: Dan. tirre, to tease, to worry-lit., to provoke, irritate, or harass]: to wear out and fatigue; to weary; to exhaust the strength by labor; to be fatigued; to fail with weariness; to have the patience exhausted. TIRING, imp. tiring. TIRED, pp. tird: ADJ. weary: fatigued; jaded. TIREDNESS, n. tird nes, the state of being wearied. To TIRE OUT, to weary or fatigue beyond further exertion; to exhaust the patience of. TIRESOME, a. tīr' sum, fatiguing; wearisome; tedious; exhausting patience. TIRE SOMELY, ad. li. TIRE SOMENESS. n. -nes, the quality or state of being tiresome; tediousness.-SYN. of tire': to weary; fatigue; exhaust; harass; jade.

TIRE, v. tir [Icel. tara; Low Ger. teren; Ger. zehren, to consume (see TEAR 2)]: in OE., to draw; pull; seize; tear; pull apart and prey upon, as birds of prey. TIR'ING, imp. TIRED, pp. tird.

TIRE, or TIER, n. ter [OF. tiere, rank, order: Low Ger. tier, a row of connected things (see TIER)]: in OE., a row or rank; in mil., guns, shot, and shells, etc., placed in a regular form.

TIREE, ti-re': an island of the Inner Hebrides, included in Argyleshire, Scotland; 20 m. n. w. of Iona; 13 m. long, and about 6 m. in extreme breadth. The surface is low, rising in the n. little above 20 ft., and in the s. to about 400 ft. above sea-level. It is without trees and shrubs, and has numerous small lakes. Remains of Scandinavian forts dot the shores, and standing-stones, ruined churches, and ancient graves are found in the interior.-Pop. (1881) 2,730.

TIRESIAS-TIRYNS.

TIRESIAS, ti-rë'shi-as, in Greek Mythology: famous prophet, who, according to one legend, was struck blind by the goddess Athena because he had seen her bathing. Another legend represents Hera as depriving him of his sight because, being made arbiter in the dispute between her and Zeus, he had decided in favor of Zeus; when Zeus as a compensation granted him the inner vision of prophecy, and prolonged his life for several generations; but T. at last found death by drinking from the well of Tilphossa. There are many variations of his legend in the myths of Greece. According to Homer, T. was the only human being in the regions of the dead whom Proserpine allowed to retain intelligence. T. is the theme of a fine poem by Lord Tennyson (1885).

TIRL, v. terl [a form of THIRL 1]: in Scot., to vibrate; move tremulously; twirl; shake. TIR'LING, imp. TIRLED, pp. térld. TO TIRL AT THE PIN, to shake or rattle the thumb-piece of a latch before opening the door.

TIRLEMONT, tirl-mōng' (Flemish, Thienen): town of Belgium, in S. Brabant, on the Great Geete, about 30 m. e.s.e. of Brussels, on the Brussels and Cologne railway. The church of St. Germain, on an eminence, dates apparently from the 9th c., and contains an altar-piece by Wappers. Beer and hosiery are manufactured. T. was ravaged by Marlborough 1705; and here the French under Dumouriez defeated the Austrians 1793.-Pop. (1876) 13,296; (1888) 15,315.

TIRNOVA, tir'no-vá: town in the principality of Bulgaria, on the Jantra, 35 m. s.s.e. of Sistova. It was formerly the chief town of Bulgaria; and since 1878 (see BULGARIA) it is again the seat of the national govt. There are numerous mosques, churches, and synagogues; dyeing is carried on, and silk and coarse cloth are manufactured. -Pop. (1888) 11,314.

TIRO, n. tirō: same as TYRO (q. v.).

TIROLITE, n., or TYROLITE, n. tirʼo-lit [so called from being found in many parts of the Tyrol; Gr. lithos, a stone]: copper-froth; a fine verdigris-green or azure-blue carbonate of copper and arsenic.

T-IRON, n. te-i'ern: rolled bar-iron, shaped, when cut in sections, like the letter T.

TIRRIT, n. tir'rit [comp. Gael. tuireadh, a lament, a dirge]: in OE, a lamentation; a complaint; a wail.

TIRYNS, ti'rinz: small city of Argolis, in the Peloponnesus, in the prehistoric period of Greece, long before the Dorian immigration; about 3 m. from the sea, s.e. of Argos, near the head of the Argolic Gulf. According to the common tradition, it was founded by Protus, a mythic king of Argolis; and its massive walls, like other rude massive structures in Greece of unknown antiquity, were reputed the work of the Cyclopes. Protus is said to have been succeeded by Perseus; and in this place Hercules was believed to have passed his youth. At the time of the Trojan war, T. appears to have been subject to the kings of Argos. Its greatest prosperity was in B.C. 11th

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and 10th c. Some time (probably about B.C. 468) after the battle of Platea (to which the Tirynthians sent troops), the city was taken by the Argives, and destroyed-the walls of the citadel only being left standing, the wonder and admiration of later ages.-T. affords one of the most interesting specimens of Cyclopean architecture, the ruins of this place, and those of the neighboring city of Mycenæ, being the grandest in Greece. The ruins of T. illustrate the Homeric palaces of a thousand years before Christ. The Acropolis, or citadel of T., was on the summit of a low, flat, rocky hill, rising abruptly out of the dead level of the plain of Argos, and appears to have consisted of an upper and a lower inclosure of nearly equal size, with an intermediate platform. There were two main entrances, on the e. and on the s. sides, with a postern on the w. The entire circuit of the walls still remains more or less preserved; they are more than 20 ft. in thickness-their lower courses of unhewn stones of enormous size, rudely piled in tiers one above the other, without mortar or cement, the interstices being filled with smaller stones, and the whole bedded in clay: above were courses of sundried brick. The upper story was probably of wood. There are several covered galleries of singular construction in the body of the wall, on the e. and the s. sides, the roof being formed by sloping the courses of masonry on each side of the passage at an angle to each other. of the galleries has six recesses, or niches, on the outer side of the walls, intended probably to facilitate defense. At the top the wall was covered in parts with a colonnade of wooden pillars resting on stone blocks.-Dr. Schliemann's interesting and important excavations in 1884-5 are described in his Tiryns (Lond. 1886).

"TIS, tiz: a contr. of IT IS.

One

TISANE, or TISAN, n. tis ăn [F. tisane-from L. ptisuna; Gr. ptisůně, barley crushed and cleaned]: a drink for a sick person; an infusion made of certain herbs, leaves or flowers, used medicinally, especially in France; diet-drink: see PTISAN.

TISCHENDORF, tish'én-dorf, LOBEGOTT FRIEDRICH KONSTANTIN VON, LL.D., D.C.L., Count: eminent biblical critic: 1815, Jan. 18-1874, Dec. 7; b. Lengenfeld, in Saxony. He was educated at the Univ. of Leipzig, and under the influence of Winer engaged ardently in critical study of the New Test., early becoming convinced of the need of more exact collations of MSS. At Paris (1840, Oct. 1843, Jan.) his decipherment of the previously illeg ible Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus gave him his first wide repute. His journeys and labors in search of the best and rarest biblical MSS., in which he was liberally assisted by the Saxon and Russian governments, had results exceedingly valuable. From the convent of St. Catharine, on Mt. Sinai, where T. was entertained by the monks, he brought 43 leaves (of the 3454 leaves) of one of the greatest biblical treasures extant-the Sinaitic Codex (q.v.). These precious leaves he accidentally noticed in the basket of