TRIBUNE-TRICHECUS.

TRIBUNE, n. trib'un [L. tribūnus, the chief of a tribe, a commander-from tribus, a tribe: It. tribuno: F. tribun]: among the anc. Romans, an officer or magistrate chosen by the people to protect them from the oppression of the nobles, and to defend their liberties (see ROME-Ancient Italy: also PLEBEIAN: PATRICIAN); a rostrum or elevated platform from which speeches are delivered, as in the French assembly. TRIBUNARY, a. -ù-nă-ri, of or pertaining to tribunes. TRIBUNESHIP, n. -ship, the office of a tribune; also TRIB'UNATE, -un-at. TRIBUNAL, n. tri-bù'năl [L. tribūnal, a raised platform on which the seats of magistrates were placed: F. tribunal: It. tribunale]: a bench or raised seat of a judge; a court of justice. TRIBUNITIAL, a. trib'ù-nish'al, or TRIB'UNI'CIAN, a. -an, pertaining to tribunes; suiting a tribune.

TRIBUTE, n. tribùt [L. tribūtum, a stated paymentfrom tribuo, I allot, I bestow-from tribus, a tribe: It. tributo: F. tribut]: a stated sum or a valuable consideration of some kind paid annually by a conquered or subject state to a superior as an acknowledgment of submission, or as a price for peace or protection; a personal contribution; any. thing given as a token of esteem. TRIBUTARY, a. -ù-ter-i, paying tribute; subject or subordinate; yielding supplies of anything: N. a state that pays tribute to a superior; any stream which, directly or indirectly, contributes water to another stream. TRIBUTARINESS, n. -něs, state of being subject or tributary.-SYN. of tribute': tax; impost; rate; duty; custom; assessment; cess; due; toll; charge; levy; subsidy.

TRICAPSULAR, a. tri-kap'sũ-ler [L. tres, three; capsula, a little chest]: in bot., having three capsules.

TRICE, n. tris [Sp. tris, noise made by the breaking of glass, an instant: comp. Scot. phrase 'in a crack']: an instant; a moment; a very brief space of time; a 'jiffy.' WITHIN OF IN A TRICE, in a very short time.

TRICE, v. tris [Sw. trissa; Norw. triss; Dan. tridse, a pulley: Low Ger. drysen, to hoist]: to hoist aloft; to haul up and secure by means of a small rope. TRIC'ING, imp. TRICED, pp. trist.

TRICENNIAL, a. tri-sẽn'ni-ăl [L. triceni, thirty at a time, thirty each; annus, a year]: belonging to or noting the number thirty; occurring once in thirty years. TRICEN TENARY, n. -tě-ner-i [L. tricenti, three hundred]: a period or space of three hundred years; a day commemorative of any event which took place three hundred years before: also TERCENTENARY (q.v.).

TRICEPS, n. tri seps (L. tres, three; caput, a head]: in anat., the three-headed extensor muscle of the arm. TRICH'ECUS: see MORSE.

TRICHIASIS-TRICHINA SPIRALIS.

TRICHIASIS, n. trì-ki'ă-sis [Gr. thrix or tricha, hair]: a disease of the eye in which some of the hairs of the eyelash turn in upon the eyeball and produce irritation, the other hairs retaining their natural position. This disease is exceedingly common among the lower classes, especially of the Irish. This affection causes great annoyance, by exciting a pricking sensation, and a constantly irritable and watery state of the eye. The treatment consists in plucking out the offending hairs (if they are few) from time time, each hair being removed by hair-forceps with a slow steady pull. If they form a little group, they must be removed by dissecting out the small portion of lid in which they are implanted, and uniting the wound with a suture. In other cases it may be necessary to remove the entire margin of the lid.

TRICHIDIUM, n. tri-kid'í-úm [Gr. thrix or tricha, hair; eidos, resemblance]: in bot., a filamentous organ resembling a netted purse, in which the spores of certain fungi are included.

TRICHINA, n. tri-ki na, plu. TRICHI NÆ, -në [Gr. thrix or tricha, hair]: a minute parasite or worm, infesting, in the adult state, the intestinal canal, and in its larval state the muscular tissue, of man and certain mammals, especially the hog: more fully called Trichina Spiralis (q.v.). TRICHINIASIS, n. trik'i-ni'a-sis, or TRICH'INO'SIS, n. --nosis, disease produced by trichinous meat; the disease of trichinous meat (see below). TRICH'INOUS, a. -us, producing or produced by trichinæ; relating to the disease trichiniasis.

TRICHINA SPIRALIS, tri-ki' na spi-răl'is: peculiar nematoid worm, which, in its sexually immature state, inhabits the muscles, usually of the pig. It was discovered 1835-the demonstrator of anatomy at St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, giving to Prof. Owen four microscopic specimens of speckled muscle from a subject then in the dissecting-rooms. Paget, then a first-year's student, simultaneously investigated the question, and read a paper on the subject to the Abernethian Soc. a week before Prof. Owen's memoir was read to the Zoological Soc. Prof. Owen, to whom the discovery of the T. is generally referred, in communicating to the Zoological Soc. his Description of a Microscopic Entozoon infesting the Muscles of the Human Body,' describes the speckles as capsules containing a spirally-coiled microscopic worm. To this worm he gave its name, T. S. From the date of this discovery to the present time, the T. S. has been a source of discussion. In 1845, the idea was advanced by various naturalists that it was the undeveloped or sexless form of some other worm; and 1855 (after the transformation of the cysticercus into the tapeworm was discovered), various suggestions were made on this subject; but it was not till 1860 that Virchow and Leuckart, by feeding animals on flesh containing trichinæ, arrived independently at the correct conclusion, that the parents of the encysted trichinæ are small nematoid worms, which had never previously been described, Leuckart's experiments being made with

TRICHINA SPIRALIS.

human flesh containing these parasites. See NEMATOIDEA: NEMATELMIA.

The young trichinæ, as they are seen in the human muscles, present the form of spirally-coiled worms, in the interior of small, globular, oval, or lemon-shaped cysts, which appear as minute specks scarcely visible to the naked eye. These cysts are more or less covered externally with calcareous matter, according to the time during which they have remained fixed, and the degree of degeneration which their walls have undergone. The T. measures, according to Cobbold, on an average of an inch in length, and of an inch in breadth. The cysts are sometimes altogether absent; hence they must be regarded as abnormal formations, resulting from local inflammation set up by the presence of the worm, which in this larval condition of existence measures of an inch in length, and of an inch in breadth. These larval worms show a well-marked diFig. 1.-The worm ly. gestive apparatus, and reproductive ing coiled up In organs often sufficiently developed to muscle, the outside enable the observer to determine the of the cyst supporting fatty tissue, sex. The number of larval trichinæ vessels, etc. (mag- that may simultaneously exist in the nified) muscles of a single man or animal is enormous. In a cat on which Leuckart experimented, a single ounce of flesh was estimated to contain 325,000 trichinæ; and if all the voluntary muscles of a human body of ordinary size were similarly affected, the number of worms would exceed 1,950 millions. Dr. Cobbold believes that there can be no doubt that the number in a single bearer' (as he terms the sufferer) may actually amount to at least 20,000,000.

We proceed to consider the mature worms. When an animal is fed with flesh containing the larval worm above described, and is killed a few days afterward, a large number of minute worms are found mixed with the contents of the small intestines. On closer examination, they are found of two kinds-the larger and more numerous ones being the females, and the smaller and rarer ones the males. At the second day after their introduction, these intestinal trichinæ attain full sexual maturity; and in six days, the females contain perfectly developed and free embryos in their interior.

The female is a slender round worm, varying in length from to of an inch. The anterior end presents a bead-like appearance, from which the intestinal canal proceeds. The posterior three-fourths are mainly occupied by the reproductive organ, which is filled partly with free embryos, and partly with eggs in various stages of maturity. When these embryos have attained their full size within the uterus of the parent, they pass out at the genital aperture, and commence life on their own account. They