powdered anthracite or charcoal, and a small quantity of lime or fluor-spar, to serve as a flux for the siliceous impurities. Before being put into the furnace the mixture is moistened with water, to prevent the finely powdered ore being carried away by the draught. When the charge is placed on the hearth of the furnace, the doors are closed, and the heat gradually raised for about six hours; the oxide is then reduced by the carbon of the coal. At this stage, the furnace-door is opened, and the mass worked with a paddle, to separate the slag, which is raked off, and the richer portion of it melted over again. The reduced tin subsides to the bottom, and is run off into a cast-iron pan, from which it is ladled into molds, to produce block or ingots of convenient size.

The tin has still to be purified, first by a process of liquation, and afterward by that of boiling. Liquation' con sists in moderately heating the blocks in a reverberatory furnace till the tin, owing to its comparatively easy fusi bility, melts, and flows into the refining-basin, leaving on the hearth of the furnace a residuary alloy of tin with iron and other metals. More blocks are added, and heated in the same way, till the refining-basin contains about five tons. The tin is then ready for boiling.' In this opera tion, billets of green wood are plunged into the melte metal, the disengagement of gas from which produces a constant ebullition, and so causes a scum (chiefly oxide of tin) to rise to the surface, which is then easily removed; at the same time, impure and dense parts fall to the bot. tom: when the agitation has gone on long enough, the bath. is allowed to settle and cool. The tin then separates into zones—the upper consisting of the purest portion; the middle being slightly mixed with other metals; and the lower so much so, that it requires to go through the refining process again. The residuary alloy of the liquation process has also its tin extracted and refined again.

Tin ores which contain the mineral wolfram (tungstat of iron and manganese) are treated by Oxland's process. This mineral and tin ore are so nearly the same in specifie gravity, that no mechanical process of washing will sepa rate them. Oxland's process consists in roasting the dressed tin ore with sodium sulphate to convert the insoluble tungstate of iron and manganese into the soluble tungstate of sodium, which is easily removed by lixiviation. The oxides of iron and manganese, which are left in finely-divided state, can then, from their lower density, be readily re moved by washing. The tungstate of sodium procured in the operation has been found one of the most valuable substances for rendering cotton cloths non-inflammable.

Tin when heated to nearly its melting-point becomes brittle, and can then be broken into prismatic fragments called dropped or grain tin. The metal which is susceptible of this change may be considered of fine quality, as impure tin does not become brittle when so treated. The peculiar properties of tin, especially its malleability, its brilliancy, and the slowness with which it oxidizes at common temperatures in the atmosphere, render it of great

service in the arts.

Utensils coated with silver require six cleanings for one that would suffice with 'tinued "vessels. Tin is consequently largely used to coat the surface of other metals, as iron and copper, especially thin sheet-iron to form tin-plate.

With other metals tin forms some valuable alloys: see ALLOY. An amalgam of tin and mercury forms the metallic coating of mirrors. Tin-foil, Too of an inch thick, is used for various purposes, and contains 96 to 98.5 per cent. of tin, with small proportions of copper, lead, iron, and sometimes nickel. The import of T. into the United States (1890), in tin bars, blocks, pigs, grain, and granulated, was 34,993,099 lbs., value $6,898,909.

TIN-PLATE.-This manufacture forms a branch of the iron trade. The art of tinning plate-iron is said to have been invented in Bohemia, about the beginning of the 16th c., though the tinning of copper was practiced earlier; tin-plate was made in England, first about 1670.

Sheet-iron for tin-plates is made either of charcoal-bar or coke-bar, which has been rolled with particular care, to avoid scales on the surface. Before tinning, the plates are called black plates.' When the iron has been cut to the required size, the plates are 'pickled '—i.e., immersed in hot sulphuric or hydrochloric acid diluted with 16 parts of water to 1 of acid, the use of the acid being to remove all oxide. After this, the plates require washing several times in water; then follows an annealing in closed castiron boxes in a reverberatory furnace. The next operation consists in passing the plates two or three times between chilled iron rollers highly polished with emery and oil, to give the plates a polished surface. Once more they are sent to the annealing furnace; passed again through dilute sulphuric acid; then again washed, but this time in running water; and then scoured with sand. This should leave them clean and bright for the tinman.

Each plate is now put singly into a pot of melted grease (which has become sticky by use), and left till it is completely coated, after which the plates are taken in parcels and plunged into a bath of melted tin covered with grease, called the 'tin-pot.' They pass from this to another vessel, with two compartments, called the wash-pot,' both of which contain melted tin of the purest quality, and, like the last, covered with grease. The plates are put into the first compartment in parcels, where they receive a coating of purer tin than that of the tin-pot,' and are then withdrawn one by one, and wiped on both sides with a hemp brush; the marks of which are obliterated by another dipping in the second compartment of the wash-pot.' This last dipping also gives the plates a polish. Next is the removal of the superfluous tin by immersing the plates in a pot containing tallow and palm-oil, maintained at a tem perature no higher than will keep in liquid state the tin in contact with the oil, and so allow it to run off. The final treatment consists in working the plates separately in troughs of bran with a little meal, and then rubbing them with flannel.

TINCAL-TIND.

There is a variety of tin-plates called 'terne-plates,' coated with alloy of tin and lead, in which the proportions vary from one of lead and two of tin to two of lead and one of tin. They are used for rooting.

Upon the enactment of the McKinley Tariff Act, the manufacture of terne-plates, or at least the dipping' of 'black plates,' whether of home or foreign manufacture, sprang up in the United States. Tin-plate proper also is now manufactured in quantity in the United States. The import of T.-plate into the United States in the fiscal year ended 1893 was 255,485 gross tons. The product of T.-plate in the United States (1893) was 123,606,707 lbs.—Import (1896) 24,976 tons.

TINCAL, n., or TINKAL, n. tăng kăl [Mal. tingkal: Pers. tinkar]: crude Borax (q.v.).

TINCHEL, n. tin'chèl [Gael. timchioll, a circuit, a compass]: in Scot., a large number of sportsmen who, having surrounded an extensive space, gradually close in upon their game; also TIN CHILL, -chil.

TINCT, v. tĩngkt [L. tinctus, pp. of tingěrě, to color]: in OE., to color; same as TAINT (q.v.): ADJ. in OE, colored; stained: N. in OE., color; stain.

TINCTURE, n. tingk'tür [L. tinctura, a dyeing; tinctus, pp of tingère, to dye: It. tintura; F. teinture, dye, tincture]: the color with which anything is impregnated; a tinge of color; tint; hue; in her., one of the colors used in achievements (see HERALDRY); a slight taste or quality added to anything: a liquid extract; in med., a solution, generally in spirit, of the active principles of any substance (see below): V. to impregnate with any foreign matter; to communicate a portion of anything foreign; to imbue the mind. TINCTURING, imp. TINC'TURED, pp. -tūrd. TINCTORIAL, a. tingk-tō'ri-ăl, containing or imparting color.

TINCTURE: commonly, alcoholic solution of vegetal, animal, or some saline substances; sometimes ammonia is added to the alcohol-when the solution is known as ammoniated tincture; solutions in water and in ether are also prepared, known as aqueous tinctures and ethereal tinctures. The alcohol employed in preparing tinctures is either the rectified spirit (U. S. Pharmacopæia), having specific gravity 0-835, or proof-spirit, specific gravity 0.941. Tinctures made with 0.835 spirit (pure alcohol) are precipitated by water, and therefore are seldom used internally; those prepared with proof spirit are commonly employed as infusions, decoctions, etc. Full directious for making tinctures are found in the U. S. Pharmacopaia in all its editions.

TIND, v. tind [AS. tendan; Dan. tænde; Sw. tända, to kindle (see also TINDER)]: in prov. Eng. and OE., to light or kindle.

TINDAL-TINDER.

TIN'DAL, MATTHEW: English deistical writer: 16561733, Aug. 16; son of a clergyman at Beer-ferris, in Devonshire. He was educated at Lincoln and Exeter colleges, Oxford; took the degree B.A. 1676; and soon afterward was elected fellow of All Souls' College. In 1685 he became a doctor of law; and after a brief lapse into Romanism, during the reign of James II., reverted to Protestantism, or rather, as events showed, into rationalism. His first work was An Essay concerning Obedience to the Supreme Powers, etc. (Lond. 1693), followed by An Essay concerning the Laws of Nations and the Rights of Sovereigns; but it was not till 1706 that he attracted much notice, when the publication of his treatise on The Rights of the Christian Church asserted against the Romish and all other Priests who claim an independent power over it; with a Preface concerning the Government of the Church of England, as by Law established, raised a storm of opposition. A torrent of replies and refutations poured from the press. Among those who signalized themselves as adversaries of T., the least obscure were Dr. G. Hickes and Conyers Place: Swift also indulged in some Remarks.' On the continent, T.'s work was favorably received. Le Clerc, in Bibliothèque Choisie, praises it highly, as one of the solidest defenses of Protestantism ever written. In 1730, when T. had nearly reached the age of 73, he published his most notable and popular treatise, Christianity as old as the Creation, or the Gospel a Republication of the Religion of Nature. The design of the work, which is written in excellent English, is to strip religion of the additions which policy, mistake, and the circumstances of the time have made to it'-in other words, to eliminate the supernatural element of Christianity, and to prove that its morality, which is admitted to be worthy of an 'infinitely wise and good God,' is its true and only claim to the reverence of mankind. His argument is based on a pure assumptionthat the true religion, being from God, must therefore necessarily be eternal, universal, simple, and perfect, and can consist of nothing but the practice of morality. In Chris

tianity as the true religion, reason must be supreme above all positive revelation whether of doctrine or precept. The argument takes no note whatever of the historical facts in man's religious development. T.'s purpose was rather constructive than destructive; and he called himself a 'Christian Deist.' He was answered by Dr. Waterland, Foster (eminent dissenting minister), Dr. Conybeare (afterward bp. of Bristol), and Dr. Leland (q.v.), with various degrees of ability and success.

TINDER, n. tin'der [Sw. tindra, to sparkle; tunder, tinder: Icel. tendra, to light a fire; tundr, tinder: Ger. zunder, tinder; anzünden, to kindle: comp. Gael. teine, a fire]: any very inflammable material, usually partially burnt linen, used for obtaining fire by striking a spark among it by means of a flint and steel, formerly one of the chief means of procuring fire before the introduction of Matches (q.v.). Partially decayed wood, especially that of willows and other similar trees, also affords tinder: and certain

TINE-TINEA.

fungi furnish the German tinder, or amadou (see AMADOU: PUNK: SPUNK). TIN'DERY, a. -, or TINDER-LIKE, a. like tinder; inflammable. TINDER-ORE, an impure arsenical sulphide of antimony and lead, occurring in soft flexible flakes resembling tinder, of a dirty-reddish color.

TINE, n. tin [Icel. tindr; Sw. tinne, the tooth of a rake or harrow: Ger. zinne; Dan. tinde, a pinnacle: Dan. tand, a tooth: allied to ТоотH]: the point of the fork of a deer's horn; one of the spikes of a fork or of a harrow; a prong. TINED, a. tind, furnished with tines.

TINE, v. tin [see TIND]: in OE., to kindle; to burn; to rage; to smart. TI'NING, imp. TINED, pp. tind.

TINE, n. tin [see TEEN 1]: in OE., trouble; distress.

TINE, v. tin [Icel. tyna, to lose]: in Scot., to lose or be lost; also spelled TYNE.

TINEA, n. tin'ě-ă [L. tinča, a gnawing worm]: a parasitic disease of the skin, and especially of the scalp. For three of the most important varieties of T., viz., T. circinatus (ringworm of the body), T. tonsurans (ringworm of the scalp), and T. sycosis (ringworm of the beard), see RINGWORM. In these three varieties, included in the gengeneral term T. tondens, the vegetable parasite known as Trichophyton tonsurans, figured in the above article, is always present.-It remains to notice the Tinea decalvans of Bateman, known also as Porrigo decalvans, Alopecia circumscripta, etc. It is defined by Aitken as a fungus disease, causing the formation of rounded or oval patches of baldness, sometimes solitary, more genFungus in Tinea decal- erally multiple. It affects the hairy scalp principally; but the beard and AF, lower part of an hairy portion of the skin may also affected hair, highly magnified; FG, its root; suffer.' The fungus which causes C, spheroidal swelling these patches of baldness was dedue to accumulation of tected by Gruby 1843, and named longitudinal fibres of the Microsporon Audonini: it differs the hair; D, rupture of from the Trichophyton by its numerlong fibres; I, sporules ous waved filaments and the exand tubes of the parasite; II, a group of tremely small size of its sporules, sporules proceeding likewise by its position, not being from G, the ruptured found in the interior of the root of (From Aitken's Science the hair, but forming a little tube and Practice of Medi- round each hair, and thus causing it to soften and break down. The hairs thus affected become dull and partially loose; the

vans:

root.

cine.)