TOPE.

quadrangular, but sometimes in the shape of a reversed pyramid of a few steps; and over this structure is a roof in the shape of an extended parasol. This was the form, e.g., of the topes of Sanchi, of the dagopas of Ceylon, and the oldest monuments of this kind in the Punjab and Afghanistan; though in most of them the parasol, being of wood, is either completely destroyed or barely recognizable in its fragmentary condition (see BUDDHISM, where, in the section of the cave-temple at Karli, the T. is seen still surmounted by the wooden umbrella). The cupola was sometimes ornamented with more inan one parasol; in some of the topes of Sanchi there are three and even five parasols side by side, the middle one exceeding the rest in height. The different arrangement of these parasols, es

Fig. 1.-View of principal Sanchi Tope-From Fergusson's Handbook of Architecture.

pecially when their number increased, led to a different shape of the T., e.g., as in China and Tibet. This arrangement consists in placing them one over the other; and not only three or five, but even seven, nine, or more are so placed. The height of the structure thus became greater, and the topes, instead of having the character of cupolas, now assumed that of pyramids resting on a cupola base, the parasols gradually giving place to a real pyramidal form. In some monuments of this class, however, the cupola was placed above, when the base consists in round or quadrangular towers rising in a spiral form or in several stories. The Chinese, on the contrary, rejected the cupola altogether, and merely retained the succession of parasols extended one over the other, converting them into a many-storied tower (called to by the Chinese, and pagoda by foreigners); and the same is the case with the topes of the Mongols, the Ssuvurghans, which are pyramids erected on a low quadrangular base. In the interior of the T. is the cell or chamber (dhatugarbha) where the box containing the relics and the seven precious things' (mostly precious metals and gems) was placed. This cell consists of six slabs of stone, firmly closed after the box with the relics, etc., had been placed in it: and it was immured into the T. after it had been built to a certain height, so that when the T. was completed the cell enshrining the relic

TOPEE.

was inclosed on all sides with solid brick-work.-That the cupola of the T. was intended to represent the waterbubble, the Buddhistic symbol of the hollowness and perishability of the world, is indicated by a legend in the Mahavans'a (q.v.). As the parasol is the emblem of Hindu royalty, it is conjectured that the parasol of the T. was

intended to imply the royal dignity of a Buddhistic saint. When the topes became pyramids or towers consisting of terraces and stories, the number of the stories likewise had a symbolical import: thus, only the topes of the most accomplished Buddhas had 13 terraces; three terraces imply the three worlds; five, the five steps of Mount Meru; etc.

TOPEE, or TOPI, n. to-pe' [from Port.]: in India, a covering for the head, as a cork or pith helmet. SOLA TOPEE, so'la, a topee made of sola pitb

TOPEKA-TOPGALLANTMAST.

TOPEKA, tō-pe'ka: city, cap. of Shawnee co. and of the state of Kan.; on the Kansas river, and on the Union Pacific, the Atchison Topeka and Santa Fé, the Chicago Rock Island and Pacific, and the Missouri Pacific railroads; 45 m. s. w. of Leavenworth, 65 m. w. of Kansas City, 300 m. w. of St. Louis; 6 sq. m. It is in an agricultural, coal-mining, and stone-quarrying region, and ou a high and healthful site, with excellent drainage. Water is supplied from the river by the Holly system, constructed 1880 at a cost of $500,000, and there are more than 30 m. of mains and about 300 double hydrants for fire purposes. The city generally is lighted by electricity, there being 3 commercial plants, and a city plant for street lights. Local transit is provided by electric, steam-motor, and, horse-car lines; one electric road having the largest electric railroad plant in the world.-In 1890-1 the net public debt was $341,000; valuation of real property $7,682,460; personal $2,040,945. The city had more than $1,500,000 invested in paving, sewers, water-works, sidewalks, etc., and more than $200,000 in public buildings. A new state capital was in process of erection, to cost when complete at least $2,000,000; and the state had a partially completed lunatic asylum-estimated total cost $1,500,000. The new U. S. Court-house and Post-office cost $300,000. More than 50,000 pensioners draw more than $7,000,000 annually at the U. S. pension office at T. In 1889 there was a total of $7,784,500 invested in manufacturing enterprises, which yielded products valued $3,630,900. In 1891, Sep., there were 4 national banks (cap. $1,150,000), 3 state, 4 private, 1 savings, and 1 incorporated; and a clearing-house assoc.; and 3 daily, 20 weekly, 3 semi-monthly, and 10 monthly periodicals. The public schools (1889) numbered 24, valued at $400,000; the school population was more than 12,000; and 125 teachers were employed. Among denominational schools are Bethany College for Girls (Prot. Episc.), cost $400,000; Washburn College for both sexes (Congl.), cost $500,000; Seminary of the Assumption (Rom. Cath.); and large parochial schools belonging to the Rom. Cath. and German Luth. churches. The Meth. Episc. Church has plans for an advanced school to be known as the College of Topeka. Beside these schools there are numerous private schools, and 3 commercial colleges. The city liberally sustains a public library. There are 48 church buildings of all denominations. In 1889 T. ranked, next to Minneapolis, as the most important milling point in the United States, having 9 mills, with machinery that cost more than $500,000, and a capacity of 2,250 barrels per day. T. was incorporated as a city 1857 and became the state cap. 1861. For the fierce conflict on the slavery question 1854-58, in which T. was prominently involved, see KANSAS.-Pop. (1880) 15,452; (1890) 31,007.

TOPGALLANTMAST: the third mast above the deck, i.e, the mast above the topmast. Hence, the topgallant sail is the sail suspended from the topgallantmast.

TOPHACEOUS-TOPICS.

TOPHACEOUS, a. to-fa'shus [L. tophaceus, belonging to tufå or tuff-from tophus, tufa or tuff]: of the nature of or resembling tophus; gritty; sandy. TоPH, n. tof, or TOPHUS, n. tofus, a swelling affecting a bone or the periosteum; a calcareous concretion about the joints, occurring chiefly in gouty persons.

TOPHANE, to fa-na (correctly, TOP-HANEH, tōp-hú'. neh): a suburb of Constantinople (q.v.).

TOPHET, n. to'fet, or To'PHETH, n. feth [derived by some from Heb. toph, a drum, from the beating of drums, and other discordant noises there, made to stifle the cries of the sacrificed children]: in Scrip., a place s.e. of Jerusalem, in the valley of Hinrom, where the idolatrous Jews worshipped the fire-gods and sacrificed their children (see GEHENNA).

TOPHUS: see under TOPHACEOUS.

TOPIARY, a. top'i-er-i [L. topiarius, belonging to ornamental gardening from topia, ornamental gardeningfrom Gr. topos, a place]: shaped by cutting and clipping, as trees and hedges. TOPIA RIAN, a. top-i-a'ri-an, of or pertaining to ornamental gardening.

TOPIC, n. top'ik [Gr. topikos, belonging to a place-from topos, a place, a topic: F. topiques, subjects of conversation: It topico, topical]: subject of discourse or argument; a general bead: in rhet., one of the various general forms of argument to be employed in probable, as distinguished from demonstrative, reasoning; a general conception or proposition which may serve as a guide in the invention and choice of suitable arguments; a class or category of considerations or conceptions from which probable arguments can be drawn (see TOPICS): in med., an external remedy. TOPICAL, a. topi-kal, pertaining to a topic (in its rhetorical sense); hence, merely probable, dealing with a particular topic or theme, as a topical arrangement; referring to local matters as topical allusions: in med., applied externally and to a particular part, as a poultice, a blister, and the like. TOPICALLY, ad. -li.

TOPICS [Gr. topike, from topos, a place]: name given by the Greek and Roman rhetoricians and grammarians to the art of discovering arguments. It consisted in the eliciting out of the series of particulars certain general conceptions and propositions, which, in the elaboration of oratorical discourses, served as guides in the invention and choice of suitable arguments. Any one such general conception was called in Greek topos; in Latin, locus communis (a ‘common place'). The Greeks gave much attention to this art; among the Romans, Čicero composed Topica, and various other treatises of a kindred nature. During the middle ages, it was proposed to apply it to the whole circle of human knowledge, and even to the solution of the most difficult intellectual problems; but, in general, these efforts only resulted in empty exhibitions of mental vivacity (jeux d'esprit); and in modern times the so-called 'art' has been entirely discarded.

TOPLADY-TOPPLE.

TOPLADY, top la-di, AUGUstus MontagUE: English clergyman, controversialist, and hymnist: 1740, Nov. 4— 1778, Aug. 11: b. Farnham, Surrey. He was educated at Westminster School, London, and Trinity Coll., Dublin; was ordained 1762, and became vicar of Broad Hembury, Devonshire, 1768. He wrote much for the Gospel Magazine. T. was a great champion of Calvinism. His controversial writings are directed against the followers of Wesley, and show an unfortunate theological asperity. He was a far better poet than controversialist; and some of his hymns have a place in all popular collections in England and America: one of his hymns is the familiar Rock of Ages.

TOPOGRAPHY, n. tō-pog'ră-fi [Gr. topos, a place; graphō, I write or describe: F. topographie]: literally, a description of places, as of rivers, hills, woods, etc.; but especially a detailed description of a particular place, as a city, a town, a tract of country, etc., including notices of all its features-differing thus from geography in being more minute. TOPOGRAPHIC, a. top'o-grafik, or ToP'OGRAPH'ICAL, a. -i-kůl, pertaining to topography; descriptive of a particular place or of places. TOP'OGRAPH ICALLY, ad. -lž. TOPOGRAPHER, n. tō-pog rå-fër, one who describes particular places in writing; also TOPOGRAPHIST, n. fist.

It fre

TOPOGRAPHY, MILITARY: minute description of a place or country, for military purposes. Among the first necessities of a military commander is a thorough knowledge of the physical conformation, the obstacles, and the resources of the region in which he has to operate. quently happens that the field of warfare is one of which no careful survey is procurable. It devolves, then, on the officers of the staff to make their chief acquainted with all requisite particulars; hence, topographical drawing is a principal element in military study. One sent out from an army on a topographical survey is expected to traverse a country with rapidity, to measure distances by eye or intuition, to note them down roughly as he rides, to obtain a general knowledge of hills and valleys, of roads and ravines, rivers and the means of crossing them. He must at the same time acquaint himself with the means of sustenance in the country, with the feelings of the peoplefriendly or hostile-with the transport which can be drawn from the inhabitants, with the position and strength of fortified places, etc. After his reconnaissance, often fatiguing and dangerous, he is expected to submit an eyemap or a full report.-See ENGINEERS, UNITED STATES CORPS OF.

TOPONOMY, n. to-pin'o-mi [Gr. topos, a place; onoma, a name]: the place-names of a country or district; a register of such names. TOPONYMICAL, a. top-o-nim'ik-al, of or pertaining to toponomy or place-names.

TOPPED, TOPPING, TOPMOST, etc.: see under TOP 1.

TOPPLE, v. toppl [from Top 1]: to fall forward, as something that is top-heavy; to tumble. TOP PLING, imp. pling: ADJ. threatening to fall. TOPPLED, pp. p'pld.