TRIUMVIR.

and the forum, or mounted the scaffoldings erected to give view of the procession; banquets were spread before every door. As for the imperator (commander-see EMPEROR) himself, after having pronounced a eulogy on the bravery of his soldiers, he ascended his triumphal car, entered the city by the porta triumphalis, where he was met by the senate, and the procession began. The senate, headed by the magistrates, marched first; next a body of trumpeters; then a train of carriages and frames laden with the spoils; then a body of flute-players, followed by the oxen to be sacrificed, and the sacrificing priests, etc.; then the distinguished captives with bands of inferior prisoners in chains; after whom walked the lictors of the imperator, having the fasces wreathed with laurel. Next came the hero of the day-the imperator, in a circular chariot, attired in an embroidered robe (toga picta) and flowered tunic (tunica palmata), bearing in his right hand a laurel bough, in his left a sceptre, and having his brows garlanded with Delphic laurel. He was accompanied by his children and his intimate friends. His grown-up sons, and the legates, tribunes, and equites, rode behind; the rear being brought up by the rest of the soldiery, singing or jesting at their pleasure, for it was a day of carnival and license. When the procession had reached the Capitoline, some of the captive chiefs were taken aside and put to death; the oxen were then sacrificed, and the laurel wreath placed in the lap of Jupiter. In the evening the imperator was publicly feasted; and it was customary to provide him a site for a house at the public expense.

.The ovation, or lesser T., granted for a great success which yet did not fulfil the specified conditions for a T., differed from the greater chiefly in these respects: that the imperator entered the city on foot, clad in the simple toga prætexta of a magistrate; that he bore no sceptre, was not preceded by the senate and a flourish of trumpets, nor followed by his victorious troops, but only by the equites and the populace; and that the ceremonies were concluded by sacrificing a sheep instead of a bull, whence, doubtless, the name ovation [from ovis, a sheep].

TRIUMVIR, n. tri um'ver [L. tres, three; trium, of three; vir, a man]: one of three men united in the same office; plu. TRIUM VIRS, -vérz, or TRIUM VIRI, -vi-rì. TRIUM'VIRATE, n. -vi-rāt, a company of three; in anc. Rome, one of several groups or companies of three men jointly charged with some municipal or state business, such as the triumviri capitales, who took cognizance of murders and robberies; triumviri nocturni, who watched over the safety of Rome in the night-time; triumviri monetales, or masters of the mint: specifically, in Roman hist.—(1) the coalition or private league by which Pompey, Crassus, and Cæsar-the three most powerful men of their time-sought to carry out their own schemes of political aggrandizement, in spite of the opposition of the senate. This compact was not a triumvirate in the proper sense of the term: it had no legally constituted existence: it was, in fact, only a conspiracy of three men against the authority of the state. (2) The division of

TRIUNE-TROCHAR.

government between Octavian (Augustus), Mark Antony, and Lepidus, in the civil wars that followed the murder of Cæsar-n arrangement sanctioned by the senate. former is usually called the first, the latter the second, triumvirate.

The

TRIUNE, a. tri'ün [L. tres, three; unus, one]: three in one-applied to God, in order to express the unity of the Godhead in a trinity of persons. TRIU'NITY, n. -û'ně-ti, state of being triune; the Trinity.

TRIVALENT, a. triv'a-lent [prefix tri; L. valens, valen tis, powerful]: in chem., equivalent to three units of any standard, especially to three atoms of hydrogen.

TRIVET: see TREVET.

TRIVIAL, a. triv'i-ăl [F. trivial—from L. triviālis, that may be found everywhere, ordinary—from trivium, a crossroad-from tres, three; via, a road or way]: such as may be found everywhere; hence, commonplace; of little worth or importance; trifling; inconsiderable; slight; vulgar. TRIVIALITY, n. triv-i-ăl'i-ti, the state of being trivial: anything of little worth; a trifle. TRIVIALLY, ad. -li. TRIV'IALNESS. n. -něs, lightness; unimportance. TRIV'IUM, n. -um [L.]: a name given in the middle ages to the three arts of grammar, logic, and rhetoric, constituting, as it were a triple way to eloquence. TRIVIAL NAMES, the names added to the names of genera, which double or binomial names constitute the names of species, as Triticum is the generic name of certain cereals, while Triticum vulgārě is the specific name of one of the genus-viz., common wheat; same as SPECIFIC NAME, which see under SPECIFY.

TRI-WEEKLY, a. tri'wēk-li [tri, and Eng. weekly]: occurring or appearing once every three weeks (less correctly, thrice a week), as a tri-weekly newspaper.

TROAD, trō'ad, THE: the land of ancient Troy (q.v.), bounded n. by the Hellespont and part of the Propontes; w. by the Egean Sea; s. by the Gulf of Adramyttium; e. by the mountain range of Ida, at whose base stood the city of Troy: see TROY (ancient).

TROCAR, or TROCHAR, n. trʊ'kâr [F. trocar—from trois, three; carre, an angle-from L. quadra, a square-so called from its triangular point]: à surgical instr. for taking off fluids from parts of the body, as in dropsy.

TROCHAIC, or TROCHAICAL: see under TROCHEE.

TROCHAL, a. trōkål [Gr. trochos, a wheel-from trechein, to run]: wheel-shaped.

TROCHANTER, n. trō-kin' ter [Gr. trochanter, a runner, the ball on which the hip-bone turns in its socket-from trochazein, to run along-frem trechein, to run]: in anat., one of the two processes or prominences at the upper part of the thigh bone, called the greater and the less, in which are inserted several of the muscles used in motion. TROCHANTER IC, a. -těr ik, of or pertaining to the trochanters. TROCHAR: see TROCAR.

TROCHEE TROCHU.

TROCHEE, n. tro'ke, or TROCHEUS, n. tro-ke us [L. trochous; Gr. trochaios, a trochee-from trochos, a running: trechein, to run]: a metrical foot of two syllables, a long followed by a short. TROCHAIC, a. tro-kaik, or TROCHA ICAL, a. -i-kal, consisting of trochees.

TROCHIDE, tro'ki-de: family of gasteropodous mol. lusks, of order Pectinibranchiata, section Asiphonata. The shell has the aperture entire, closed with an operculum; spiral, and very generally top-shaped, as in the genus Trochus, the species of which are popularly known as Topshells. The species are very numerous, and widely dis.

tributed. They feed on sea-weeds, and some are found on rocks between high and low water mark. Many are very beautiful, and some small kinds, strung together, are often employed by South Sea islanders for ornamental purposes, the epidermis and outer layer being removed, exposing the pearly substance of the shell. Some of the tropical ones attain large size. The T. are closely allied to Turbinida.

TROCHILICS, n. plu. tro-kil'iks [Gr. trochilia, a roller, a windlass; trochos, a wheel-from trechein, to run]: in mech., the science of rotatory motion. TROCHIL'IC, a. -ik, having power to draw out or turn round, as a wheel; pertaining to rotatory motion.

TROCHILUS, trok'i-lus, AND TROCHILIDÆ, trō-kil'i de: see HUMMING-BIRD.

TROCHLEA, n. trok le-a [L. trochlea, a case containing one or more pulleys-from Gr. trochos, a wheel; trechein, to run]: in anat., a pulley-like cartilage over which a tendon passes; one of the projections of bones over which parts turn as ropes over pulleys. TROCH LEAR, a. -le-er, shaped like a pulley. TROCH LEARY, a. -er-i, of or pertaining to the trochlea.

TROCHOID, n. tro'koyd [Gr. trochos, a wheel; eidos, resemblance]: in geom., the curve described by any point in a wheel rolling on a straight line: ADJ. conical with a flat base, as the shells of certain Foraminifera. TROCHOID AL, a. -koyd'al, pertaining to a trochoid; in anat., applied to the rotatory motion of one bone upon another.

TROCHU, tro-shu', LOUIS JULES: French soldier: b. Palais, Morbihan, France, 1815, Mar. 12. He was educated at the St. Cyr Milit. School; became artillery lieut. 1837; served with high distinction under Bugeaud in Algeria;

TROD-TROGONIDÆ.

won the rank of gen. of division in the Crimean war; com manded a division in the Italian campaign 1859. Before the Franco-German war he was Marshal Niel's successor in command of the Toulouse army division. After the battle of Sedan, T. was commander-in-chief at Paris till the city capitulated. His work L'Armée française en 1867 reached a 20th ed. 1870. In justification of the govt. of National Defense he published (1873) Pour la Vérité et pour la Justice.

TROD, pt. tròd; TROD, or TRODDEN, pp. trặďn: see under TREAD.

TROGLODYTE, n. trog'lō-dit [Gr. troglodutės, one who creeps into holes-from trōgle, a hole, a cavern; duein, to enter]: one dwelling in a cave; a cave-dweller: specifically, in hist., a member of certain races or tribes of uncivilized men who lived in natural caverns or in holes which they had dug for themselves in the earth; hence, one who lives so secluded a life as to be ignorant of current events. TROG'LODYT'Ic, a. -dit'ik, or TROG'LODYT'ICAL, a. -dit'ikal, pert. to a troglodyte or dweiler in caves.-Troglodytes are mentioned by Strabo as existing in Mauritania and the Caucasus; but perhaps the best-known troglodytes were those of s. Egypt and Ethiopia, where a considerable district was called Regio Troglodytica. They could not speak articulately, but shrieked or screamed like the lower animals: the Greeks, however, are not very trustworthy authorities in the matter of language-accounting every dialect which they did not understand a barbarous jargon. The chief occupation of the troglodytes was herding cattle, though we read that they were also hunters and robbers. They are mentioned also as serving among the light troops in the army of Xerxes. Their habits of life were rude and debased; they are reported to have eaten the bones and hides as well as the flesh of their cattle; their drink was a mixture of milk and blood; and they had a community of wives. The women tattooed their bodies; the men wore skins or went unclothed. Their treatment of the dead was very revolting: they bound the corpse neck and heels together, fixed it to a stake, pelted it with stones, amid shouts of laughter, and then buried it beneath a cairn, placing a horn on the top.

What measure of truth there may be in the stories about the troglodytes, it is now impossible to say; but archæological investigations have led to the conclusion that a race of cave-dwellers preceded in most countries the races that lived in houses built on the ground; and perhaps we shall not be far wrong if we regard Troglodytism as the primitive state of mankind in very many countries.

TROGONIDÆ, trō-gōn'i-dē: family of birds, ranked by some naturalists, on account of their habits, in order Insessores and tribe Fissirostres; but more generally, on account of the formation of the feet-two toes before and two behind-placed in the order Scansores. The T. are remarkable for beauty of plumage, which is soft, full, and brightly colored. The bill is short, strong, with a wide

TROIC-TROLL.

gape: tail generally long; feet are small. All the T. are tropical; they belong chiefly to s.e. Asia, the Indian Archipelago, and S. America. They inhabit forests, where they sit motionless on branches, waiting for insect prey, darting on insects as they fly past. They make their nests in the hollows of decayed trees. Their flesh is esteemed for flavor. They all are of small size. In brilliancy of plumage, some are excelled only by humming birds. The Imperial T. (Calurus resplendens), the Quesal of Central America, is the extreme of beauty; brilliant metallic green in color, the effect heightened by separated feather-filaments like floss, and the tail-coverts forming a long plumy train.

TROIC, a. trōik [L. Troicus]: of or pertaining to ancient Troy or the Troas; Trojan.

TROIZK, or TROITSK, trō-êtsk': town of e. Russia, govt. of Orenburg; 420 m. s.w. of Tobolsk.-Pop. (1884) 18,000. TROJAN, n. trō'jăn: an inhabitant of anc. Troy; familiarly, a courageous fellow: ADJ. pert. to anc. Troy (q.v.). TROLL, v. trōl [Ger. trollen, to roll, to troll: Low Ger. drulen, to roll: Swiss, trohlen, to thunder, to roll: Norw. trulla, to trundle: Low Ger. trül, anything of a rounded form: W. trolio, to trundle, to roll]: to roll or trundle; to move or utter volubly; to turn; to drive about; to sing the parts of in succession, as of a round; to draw on; to fish with a rod having the line running on a reel near the handle: N. a reel at the handle of a fishing-rod round which the line is rolled; a song the parts of which are sung in succession. TROLLING, imp.: ADJ. rolling; driving about; fishing with a rod and reel; more particularly, fishing by dragging a long line with a hook and fly behind a boat which is pulled or sailed at a brisk pace, as in trolling for mackerel. TROLLED, pp. trōld. TROLL'ER, n. -ẻr, one who trolls. TO TROLL or TROWL THE BOWL, to push the bowl round. TROLLEY, or TROLLY, n. trolli, a kind of truck which can be tilted over by removing pins which attach it to the frame, and used for running on tracks, as with railway materials, etc.; a large, flat, heavy cart without sides. TROLLEY, n. grooved metal wheel for rolling in contact with an electric conductor overhead or underground (the trolley-wire), to convey the current to a motorcar. Colloq. the T. system; a road operated on that system; or a car pertaining to such a road; usually with the definite article. TO TROLL A SONG, to roll it out with rise and fall of the voice [probably the equivalent of Swiss tralallen, to sound notes without words-from a representation of the notes by the syllables tra-la-la].

TROLL, n. trðl [Icel. troll; Dan. trold, a hobgoblin]: in Scand. myth., a supernatural being superior to man in strength and stature, but much beneath him in mind; in the folk-lore of Iceland, one of a race of giants; in later Norse story, a diminutive sprite, inhabiting gorgeous apartments in the interior of hills. In modern Denmark the term is indiscriminately applied to all hobgoblins, imps, and spirits of the brownie type.