PUBLIC SENTIMENT ON THE CONSTITUTION. 129 and the amendments and a Bill of Rights adopted.1 The engrossed form of ratification and the amendments reported by the committee, of which Wythe was chairman, were formally agreed to on the twenty-seventh, and the convention adjourned.2 The distribution of the vote showed the state of public sentiment from the tide-water counties to the banks of the Mississippi. The central counties, and those bordering North Carolina, and nearly all the counties in Kentucky, voted against the Constitution. Its friends were in the eastern, northern and northwestern part of the Commonwealth. The form of ratification contained a statement which may be considered as the foundation of that important political doctrine which Madison defended, ten years later, and which has long been known as the doctrine of '98. Virginia ratified with the understanding that the powers granted under the Constitution were derived from the people of the United States and might be resumed by them whenever they should be perverted to their injury and oppression; and that every power, not granted, remained with the people at their will. The majority for the Constitution was a narrow one and was not secured without great tact, patience and argument. "I think," said Grayson, "that were it not for one great 1 The extent to which the Virginia amendments were finally incorporated in the Constitution is shown in the history of the first twelve; see pp. 199-333. 2 For the amendments and Bill of Rights see Elliot, III, 657661; also the formal ratification in Documentary History, III, 145-160. 8 For an account of the doctrine of 1798, see my Constitutional History of the American People, 1776-1850, I, Chapter vi. The language of this clause in the Virginia act of ratification is almost identical with the Tenth Amendment of the Constitution. 130 INFLUENCE OF WASHINGTON. character in America, so many men would not be for this government; we have a ray of hope. We do not fear while he lives, but we can only expect his fame to be immortal. We wish to know who beside him can concentrate the confidence and affections of all America." Had Washington not been one of the authors of the Constitution; the first citizen of Virginia and outspoken in favor of the new plan,-there is little doubt that it would have been rejected by the Richmond convention.2 While Virginia was taking action, on the Constitution, the people of New York had assembled in convention to consider it. 1 Elliot, III, 616. 2 The evidence is abundant that common expectation pointed to Washington as the first President. It was hinted at by Doctor Franklin in the Federal Convention on the 4th of June; (Elliot, V. 154) see also Henry Lee's letter to Washington, September 13, 1788, when Congress had made provision for the inauguration of the new government; Sparks, IX, 552. CHAPTER IV. RATIFICATION BY NEW YORK. The news of the ratification at Richmond was quickly dispatched to Mount Vernon, and Baltimore, and on to Poughkeepsie, where the New York convention was in session. Washington could not conceal his satisfaction.1 He wrote to Pinckney that the citizens of Alexandria, who were Federal to a man, had no sooner received the news on the twenty-seventh of June, than they determined to devote the following day to festivity, but their joy was greatly increased and a much keener zest was given to their celebration by the arrival of the express, two hours before the dawn of day, with the news that, on the twenty-first, the convention of New Hampshire had acceded to the new confederacy by a majority of eleven voices.2 The citizens of Alexandria constituted the first public company in America who had the pleasure of pouring a libation to the prosperity of the ten States which had actually adopted the general government. The day was memorable as the anniversary of the battles of Monmouth and Sullivan's Island. Washington thought that the pleasing hope might now be rationally indulged that the 1 Washington to Charles C. Pinckney, June 28, 1788; Sparks, IX, 389. 2 It does not appear that the ratification by New Hampshire was known in the Virginia convention before it also had ratified; James Innes on the 25th, (Elliott, III, 636) speaks of eight States having exercised their sovereignty in ratification, a remark which he would not have been likely to make if the news from New Hampshire had been received. Innes was speaking just before the vote was taken in the Virginia convention on ratification. 132 EFFECT OF THE NEWS FROM VIRGINIA. Union was to be established upon a durable basis. But the news from North Carolina was not assuring, and there was much doubt of the final decision of New York. The whole question in debate had shifted from policy to expediency. The decision of ten States could not be without effect. Perhaps in this crisis the wisest way was to adjourn the New York convention until the people, in some parts of the State, could more coolly and deliberately consider the magnitude of the question and the consequences it involved. When New York had acted, only one little State would remain; and he concluded his letter with the observation that it was universally believed that the scales were ready to drop from the eyes, and the infatuation be removed from the heart, of Rhode Island. The news from Virginia, coming so swiftly after that from New Hampshire, elated the Federalists, as it spread over the land, and the people of Philadelphia, the birthplace of the Constitution, now assured that the new plan was safe, and that the leading State in the Union had approved it, determined to celebrate the event in an appropriate manner. The city had learned of the decision of the Concord convention on the twenty-sixth of June, and letters from Richmond, telling the news, were received late in the afternoon of the second of July. Naturally the Federalist leaders bethought themselves of the opportunity which the annual celebration of independence two days later, would afford them of making the occasion one of national rejoicing. The festivities were immediately planned, and chiefly by Francis Hopkinson.1 All the companies of mechanics and tradesmen were 1 He was chairman of the program committee; see the Pennsylvania Packet, July 4, 1788, and a description of the celebration in the Packet of July 9. Hopkinson's Ode and Wilson's address are given in the Packet, of the 10th, CELEBRATION IN PHILADELPHIA. 133 speedily invited to participate in a grand procession. The ten States which had ratified were to be represented by ten ships anchored in the Delaware, each flying the name of a commonwealth. The day was opened with a national salute. Early in the morning the procession started. Such a multitude of figures and floats in line had never before been seen in the city. On one car, a printing press was operated from which copies of a song in honor of the trades, written by Franklin, were struck off as the car rolled along, and were scattered among the people.1 Hopkinson wrote an ode for the occasion which was translated into German and copies were freely distributed. The procession moved at last to the grounds in front of Bush Hill, where James Wilson delivered an address. Every trade practiced in the flourishing city was represented in the line, but the delight with which the multitude recognized the miniature shops in which the craftsmen were busy at their toil rose to its height when the imposing allegorical figures rolled past representing the great historical events of recent years. Here were the Signing of the Declaration; the Alliance with France; the Treaty with Great Britain, and the gathering of the States to make the Constitution; but most conspicuous of all was the display of the Carpenter's Company,-now in its sixty-fourth year, -a large square banner of white silk, showing devices symbolical of the carpenter trade, and a Federal edifice drawn by six horses. It was a temple of dazzling white, circular in form and more than twenty feet high. Its 1 One of the verses ran as follows: And Carders, Spinner and Weavers attend; And take the advice of Poor Richard, your friend, Stick close to your looms, your wheels and your card, |