him dead on the spot. Almost at the same instant Jackson himself fell by the hands of Private Brownell.

29. After the secession of Virginia, Fortress Monroe,* the possession of which controls not only James River, but the commerce of Virginia itself, stood in great peril, from the gathering of the Confederate forces under Colonel Magruder, on the Yorktown peninsula; but it was promptly reinforced, and in the latter part of May was placed under the command of General Butler, who soon had collected there and in the vicinity an army of about 12,000 men. On the night of the 9th of June General Butler sent out a force, under General Pierce, to surprise and drive back the enemy; but owing to a mistake, by which two regiments of the advancing forces fired upon each other in the night, the surprise failed, and an attack which was made upon Big Bethel was repulsed with loss.

30. We now turn to Missouri, where the opposing parties, Union and Secession, were striving for the control of that State. Governor Jackson, secretly plotting in the interest of secession, had demanded of General Lyon, under the pretense of neutrality, the withdrawal of all United States forces from that State. As these terms were rejected, on the 12th of June Governor Jackson issued a proclamation from Jefferson City, the capital, calling for 50,000 State troops to repel the invaders; most of which "invaders" were loyal Missourians who had taken up arms in defense of the Union.

31. General Lyon, then at St. Louis, did not wait for the Confederates to perfect their arrangements, but immediately started for Jefferson City at the head of about 1,500 men. Governor Jackson abandoned the capital, destroying railroad bridges and telegraph lines in his retreat. He was pursued by General Lyon to the vicinity of Booneville, where his forces were routed. In the meantime General Lyon had sent General Sigel to the southwestern part of the State, where the Confederates were gathering under Generals Price, Rains, and Ben M'Culloch, a noted Texan ranger, and where they were afterward joined by Jackson.

32. On the 6th of July General Sigel, at the head of a

*Fortress Monroe is at the extremity of the Yorktown peninsula, between the York and James Rivers. It was constructed at a cost of two and a half millions of dollars. It is a bastioned work, heptagonal in form, embracing an area of about seventy-five acres. The walls are of granite, and rise to the height of thirty-five feet. See map, page 393.

greatly inferior force, attacked the Confederates near Carthage, but without success. Soon after General Lyon joined him at Springfield, and on the 10th of August, at the head of only 5,000 men, attacked the enemy, numbering 20,000, at Wilson's Creek, a few miles south of Springfield. Here General Lyon was killed, and the Union forces were driven back; but the enemy was too severely cut up to molest their retreat. At this time General Fremont, who had recently returned from Europe with a large amount of arms for the Government, was in command of the Western Department, with his headquar ters at St. Louis.

33. While these events were occurring in Missouri, war had opened in. Western Virginia, a large majority of whose people remained loyal to the Union. No sooner had Virginia passed the ordinance of secession than her governor, Letcher, addressed a letter to Mr. Sweeney, the mayor of Wheeling, ordering him to seize the custom-house of that city, the postoffice, and all public buildings and documents, in the name of the sovereign State of Virginia. The mayor promptly replied: "I have seized upon the custom-house, the post-office, and all public buildings and documents, in the name of Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, whose property they

are."

34. General McClellan, who had won distinction in Mexico as military engineer, had been given the command of the Department of the Ohio,* for which he had resigned the presi sidency of the Ohio and Mississippi Railroad. He found the Confederate forces already west of the mountains. Colonels Kelly and Dumont, sent forward to meet them, routed them at Philippi. McClellan and Rosecrans defeated them at Rich Mountain, Cheat River, and Carrick's Ford; and before the close of July the enemy had abandoned that section of the State. It was at this point, just after the battle of Bull Run, which we now proceed to describe, that McClellan took command of the Army of the Potomac, leaving Rosecrans to take his place in Western Virginia. A little later, Generals Wise and Floyd were driven by Rosecrans out of the Valley of the Kanawha.f

*Which included Ohio, Indiana, and the western portions of Pennsylvania and Virginia.

t In Southwestern Virginia.

35. We now turn back a couple of months to note the progress of events in the vicinity of Washington. To the President's first call for 75,000 militia, 80,000 men, from the Free States alone, had promptly responded. On the 3rd of May he issued another call for 42,000 volunteers for three years. In a month five times this number had volunteered and when Congress met, on the 4th of July, the Secretary of War announced that there were in active service 260,000 men. Others had been offered, and would soon be in the field, so that after 80,000 three months' volunteers should have been withdrawn, the National army would still be 230,000 strong.

36. The people, seeing regiment after regiment pouring forward toward the Capital, thought this force amply sufficient to crush out the rebellion. But they did not know, and the Government dared not tell them, that there was a fearful lack of everything that was necessary to transform this crowd into an army. Through hesitation, imbecility, and treachery, the loyal States had been stripped of arms. The armories of Norfolk and Harper's Ferry, with all their vast warlike stores, had fallen into the hands of the Confederates. The armory at Springfield alone remained to the North, and that was then capable of turning out only 25,000 muskets a year. The Confederates could equip every man they raised.

37. In the latter part of June the available National army in the vicinity of Washington was 39.000 strong: but people thought it much greater. Of this army 18,000, under General Patterson, were fifty miles up the river, near Harper's Ferry, watching an equal Confederate force under General Johnston, in the Valley of the Shenandoah. General Beauregard was lying at Manassas Junction, thirty miles southwest of Washington, with a Confederate force of about 22,000.

38. It was at this time that the Northern people had be come exceedingly impatient of the inactivity of the army, and a cry went up over the land of "On to Richmond." The pressure upon Government for an immediate advance was too strong to be withstood, and General Scott, then at the head of all the National forces, gave to the movement his reluctant General McDowell was intrusted with the command of the advancing army, which, 35,000 strong, left Washington to meet the Confederate force on the 16th of July; but during

assent.

the march 5,000 of this number were detached and left behind, to defend the approaches to Washington.

39. On the 18th the advance had a severe skirmish with the Confederates at Centreville. On the 20th the Pennsylvania Fourth Regiment, and the battery attached to the New York Eighth, whose terms of service expired on that day, marched to the rear "to the sound of the enemy's cannon,'

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and returned to Washington, in spite of the remonstrances of the commanding general, who was then left with a force of only 28,000 men, to fight the battle of the following day.

40. On the morning of Sunday, the 21st, the Confederates, now 30,000 strong, having been re-enforced by a part of Johnston's army, were met at Bull Run, where a battle occurred, lasting a great part of the day, although only about one-half of the forces on each side were engaged at any one time. At noon the Confederates were beaten back; at four o'clock" the enemy was evidently disheartened and broken," said McDow ell. Everything was in favor of our troops, and promising decisive victory," says Burnside. But just at this moment large additional re-enforcements from Johnston's army came to the relief of the Confederates; and what half an hour before had promised a decisive Union victory, was turned into the most disgraceful rout recorded in the annals of war.

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41. A sudden panic, conveyed from the front to the rear, seized almost the entire army; and regiment after regiment melted away, as the flying, disorganized troops pressed upon them. Crowds of civilians, who had come out from Washington to see the battle, served to increase the panic. Ten pieces of artillery were captured; seventeen were abandoned in the disgraceful flight, and 4,000 muskets were thrown away. The victors were in no condition to make a vigorous pursuit. At Centreville a brief stand was made, but before night of the 22nd the entire Union force was back in front of Washington. The Confederate loss in the battle of Bull Run was about 1,900 in killed, wounded, and missing; that of the Union forces was about 3,000, 1,400 of whom were prisoners.*

42. After the disaster of Bull Run, by the advice of General Scott, who was now too old and infirm to take the field in person, General Geo. B. McClellan was placed in active command of the Army of the Potomac. The Government, if not the people, had now learned the lesson that a vast assemblage of undisciplined militia does not constitute an efficient army. Men and money in abundance were offered by the loyal States; but the arming and disciplining of the half a million

*On the field, or in the battle of Bull Run, were the Confederate Generals Joseph E. Johnston, Beauregard, Ewell, Longstreet, Bonham, Kirby Smith, Early, Evans, Bee, and "Stonewall" Jackson. Jefferson Davis came upon the field just at the close of the battle. Of the Union Generals, there were McDowell, Tyler, Hunter, Runyon, Heintzleman, Corcoran, Schenck, Keyes, Sherman, Porter, and Burnside.