290 THE UNITED STATES. [PART IV. 1793. ments in Florida and on the Mississippi, although the a. May 9. president had previously issued a proclamation, declaring it to be the duty and interest of the United States to preserve the most strict neutrality towards the contending powers in Europe. 1. Why did the presi his recall, successor 1 16. As Mr. Genet persisted in his endeavors, in dent request opposition to the efforts and remonstrances of the pres and what is ident, and likewise endeavored to excite discord and said of his distrust between the American people and their gov b. July. ernment, the president requested his recall; and in the following year his place was supplied by Mr. Faunounced. chet, who was instructed to assure the American gov ernment that France disapproved the conduct of his predecessor. c. Pro Fo-sha. d. See p. 288. 2. What events occurred at the west af ter the de Clair in 1794. 1791? e. N. p. 237. Aug. 20. 3. What troubles taxation? 17. After the defeat of St. Clair in 1791, General In Wayne was appointed to carry on the Indian war. the autumn of 1793 he built Fort Recovery near the ground on which St. Clair had been defeated, where he passed the winter. In the following summer he advanced still farther into the Indian country, and built Fort Defiance ;* whence he moved down the Maumee, and, on the 20th of August, at the head of about 3000 men, met the Indians near the rapids,† completely routed them, and laid waste their country. 18. An act, passed in 1791, imposing duties on doarose from mestic distilled spirits, the first attempt at obtaining a revenue from internal taxes, had, from the beginning been highly unpopular in many parts of the country and especially with the anti-federal or democratic party. During this year, the attempts to enforce the act led to open defiance of the laws, in the western counties of 1. Aug. 7, and Pennsylvania. After two ineffectual proclamations by the president, the display of a large military force was necessary in order to quell the insurgents. Sept. 25. 4. What is said of the between Gt. 19. Since the peace of 1783, between Great Britain complaints and the United States, each party had made frequent Britain and complaints that the other had violated the stipulations States? contained in the treaty. The former was accused of the United Yort Defiance was situated at the confluence of the River Au Glaize with the Mau aee, in the N.W. part of Ohio, and at the S.E. extremity of Williams Co inty. The rapids of the Maumee are about eighteen miles from the mouth of the river The British then occupied Fort Maumee, at the rapids, on the N. side of the river, a short distance above which, in the present town of Waynesfield, the battle w » funghi, was the for mer accu sed? 1.The lat ter? having carried away negroes at the close of the war, 1794. of making illegal seizures of American property at sea, 5. of what and of retaining possession of the military posts on the western frontiers. The latter was accused of preventing the loyalists from regaining possession of their estates, and British subjects from recovering debts contracted before the commencement of hostilities. such an extent had the complaints been carried, that, by many, another war between the two countries was thought to be inevitable. To 20. For the purpose of adjusting the difficulties, and preventing a war, if possible, Mr. Jay was sent to England; where he succeeded in concluding a treaty, which, early in the following year, was laid before the senate for ratification. After a long debate, and a violent opposition by the democratic party, and the friends of France throughout the country, the treaty was ratified by the senate, and signed by the president. By the terms of the treaty, the western posts were to be surrendered* to the United States; compensation was to be made for illegal captures of American property; and the United States were to secure to British creditors the proper means of collecting debts, which had been contracted before the war of the revolution. 21. During the same year, a treaty was concluded at Fort Greenville,† with the western Indians; by which the various tribes ceded to the United States a large tract of country in the vicinity of Detroit, and west of Ohio. In October, a treaty was concluded with Spain; by which the boundaries between the Spanish possessions of Louisiana and Florida, and the United States, were settled; the right of navigating the Mississippi, from its source to the ocean, was secured to the United States; and New Orleans was granted to them, as a place of deposit, for ten years. *The British retained possession of Michigan, by means of their post at Detroit, until 1796. Fort Greenville was built by General Wayne in 1793, on a western branch of the Miami, and on the site of the present town of Greenville, the capital of Dark County, Ohio. Fort Jefferson was six miles S.W. of it, and Fort Recovery twenty-two miles N.E. New Orleans, now the capital of the state of Louisiana, is on the E. bank of the Mississippi River, 105 miles from its mouth, by the river's course. It was first settled by the French in 1717. The level 2. What re feared? sult cas 3. What measure tvas taken for adjust ing difficul ties? 1795. a. Nov. 28. 1. Of the peace estab 2In 22. 'Peace was also established with Algiers; and American captives were redeemed by the payment of an annual tribute to the dey, in accordance with the lished with long established practice of European nations. June, 1796, the "Territory southwest of the Ohio" was erected into an independent state, by the name of Tennessee,* and admitted into the Union. Algiers? 1796. 2. What oc curred in 1796 ? a What is said of ring office, and of Washington's reti is farewell address? b. Sept. 4. On his re tirement what was done? 5. What is said of the principles of the two parties? b 23. As the second term of Washington's adminis tration would expire in the spring of 1797, Washington previously made known his intention to retire from public life. His farewell address, on that occasion, to the people of the United States, abounds with maxims of the highest political importance, and sentiments of the warmest affection for his country. On the retirement of the man on whom alone the people could unite, the two great parties in the United States brought forward their prominent leaders for the executive office of the nation. 24. "The federalists, dreading the influence of French sentiments and principles,-attached to the system of measures pursued by Washington, and desiring its continuance in his successor, made the most active efforts to elect John Adams; while the republicans, believing their opponents too much devoted to the British nation, and to British institutions, made equal exertions 6. What was to elect Thomas Jefferson. The result was the electhe result of tion of Mr. Adams as president, and Mr. Jefferson as vice-president. The inauguration of the former took place on the 4th of March, 1797. the election? of the city is from three to nine feet below the level of the river, at the highest water. To protect it from inundation, an embankment, called the Levee, has been raised on the border of the river, extending from forty-three miles below the city, to 120 miles above it. (See Map, previous page.) * TENNESSEE, one of the Western States, contains an area of about 43,000 square miles. The Cumberland Mountains, crossing the state in the direction of N.E. and 8.W., divide it into two parts, called East Tennessee and West Tennessee. The western art of the state has a black, rich soil: in the eastern part the valleys only are fertile. The first settlement in Tennessee was made at Fort Loudon (see Note, p. 192) in 1757 CHAPTER II. ADAMS'S ADMINISTRATION, 1. 'During the administration of Washington, the condition of the country had been gradually improving. A sound credit had been established, funds had been provided for the gradual payment JOHN ADAMS. been accom. ing Wash of the national debt, treaties had been concluded with 1797. the western Indian tribes, and with England, Spain, 1. What had and the Barbary powers, and the agricultural and commercial wealth of the nation had increased beyond all former example. But, in the mean time, difficulties with France had arisen, which threatened to involve the country in another war. plished dur tion? ficulties had arisen? the different between England? 2. On the breaking out of the war between France 3. How did and England, consequent upon the French revolution, parties re the anti-federal or republican party warmly espoused wartete the cause of the French; while the government, then France and in the hands of the federal party, in its attempts to preserve a strict neutrality towards the contending powers, was charged with an undue partiality for England. The French ministers, who succeeded Mr. Genet, 4. What is finding themselves, like their predecessor, supported said of the by a numerous party attached to their nation, began adopted by to remonstrate with the government, and to urge upon ministers! it the adoption of measures more favorable to France. 3. The French Directory, failing in these measures, 5. What was and highly displeased on account of the treaty recently done by the concluded between England and the United States, rectory? adopted regulations highly injurious to American commerce; and even authorized, in certain cases, the сар course the French French can minister treated? ture and confiscation of American vessels and their cargoes. They likewise refused to receive the Amer- 6. Hon ican minister, Mr. Pinckney, until their demands the Ameri against the United States should be complied with. Mr. Pinckney was afterwards obliged, by a written mandate, to quit the territories of the French republic. the presi 4. In this state of affairs. the president, by procla 7. What Course did dent pur suc? 294 made to oncilia tion? THE UNITED STATES, [PART IV. 1797. mation, convened congress on the 15th of June; and, in a firm and dignified speech, stated the unprovoked What ad- outrages of the French government. Advances were vances were again made, however, for securing a reconciliation; wards a rec- and, for this purpose, three envoys, at the head of whom was Mr. Pinckney, were sent to France. What was 5. But these, also, the Directory refused to receive; the embas although they were met by certain unofficial agents of the French minister, who explicitly demanded a large sum of money before any negotiation could be opened. To this insulting demand a decided negative was given. Two of the envoys, who were federalists, were finally ordered to leave France; while the third, who was a republican, was permitted to remain. the result of 1798. These events what preparations were made for war? a. In May. 6. These events excited general indignation in the How were United States; and vigorous measures were immedi viewed, and ately adopted by congress, for putting the country in a proper state of defence, preparatory to an expected war. Provision was made for raising a small standing army, the command of which was given to General Washington, who cordially approved the measures of the government. A naval armament was decided upon, captures of French vessels were authorized, and all treaties with France were declared void. b. July. 4. How far did these what meas taken for power 7. The land forces, however, were not called into dificulties action; and after a few encounters at sea, in which an proceed, and American armed schooner was decoyed into the ures were of the enemy, and a French frigate captured, the French settling Directory made overtures of peace. The president, • 1799. therefore, appointed ministers, who were authorized to proceed to France, and settle, by treaty, the difficulties between the two countries. them? 6. What is death of ton? Dec. 14. 4. What was done by con 8. "Washington did not live to witness a restoration said of the of peace. After a short illness, of only a few hours, Washing he died at his residence at Mount Vernon, in Virginia on the 14th of December, at the age of sixty-eigh "When intelligence of this event reached Phi years. gress on re- adelphia, congress, then in session, immediately ad selligense of journed. On assembling the next day, the house of representatives resolved, "That the speaker's chair should be shrouded in black, that the members should wear black during the session, and that a joint com ceiving in this event? |