avorable

Massa

h some

recall

sprin ear of

de

uth,

Zeen

by

ng

1. Of the organiza

10. 'In 1647 the General Assembly of the several 1647. towns met at Portsmouth, and organized the govern- a. May 29. ment, by the choice of a president and other officers. A code of laws was also adopted, which declared the tion of the government to be a democracy, and which closed with the declaration, that "all men might walk as their consciences persuaded them, without molestation, every one in the name of his God."

government early las of Rhode Island?

and of the

b. 1660. 2. Of the charter from the

11. After the restoration of monarchy, and the accession of Charles II. to the throne of England, Rhode Island applied for and obtained a charter from the king, and principles? king, in which the principles of the former parliamentc. July 18, 1663. ary charter and those on which the colony was founded, were embodied. The greatest toleration in matters of religion was enjoined by the charter, and the legislature again reasserted the principle. It has been said that Roman Catholics were excluded from the right of voting, but no such regulation has ever been found in the laws of the colony; and the assertion that Quakers were persecuted and outlawed, is wholly

erroneous.

12. When Andros assumed the government of the
New England colonies, Rhode Island quietly submit-
tedd to his authority; but when he was imprisoned
at Boston, and sent to England, the people assembled
at Newport, and, resuming their
former charter privileges, re-elected
the officers whom Andros had dis-
placed. Once more the free gov-
ernment of the colony was organ-
ized, and its seal was restored,
with its symbol an anchor, and its
motto Hope,-fit emblems of the
steadfast zeal with which Rhode
Island has ever cherished all her
early religious freedom, and her
civil rights.

3. What is

remarked of Catholics kers?

and Qua

d. Jan. 1687.

e. See p. 90.

1. May 11, 1689.

CHAPTER VI.

NEW YORK.*

voyages of

HEKEY HUDSON.

SEC, L-NEW NETHERLANDS, PREVIOUS TO
CONQUEST BY THE ENGLISH IN 1664,

1. 'During the years 1607 and 1608, Henry Hudson, an English mariner of some celebrity, and then 1. First two in the employ of a company of London. merchants, made Henry Hud- two voyages to the northern coasts of America, with son? the hope of finding a passage, through those icy seas, 2. What did to the genial climes of Southern Asia. His employers being disheartened by his failure, he next entered the service of the Dutch East India Company, and in April, 1609, sailed on his third voyage.

Hudson

next a. April 14. 1609.

3. Give an account of

2. Failing to discover a northern passage to India, the voyage. he turned to the south, and explored the eastern coast, in the hope of finding an opening to the Pacific, through the continent. After proceeding south as far as the capest of Virginia, he again turned north, examined the waters of Delaware Bay, and, following the eastern coast of New Jersey, on the 13th of September he anchored his vessel within Sandy Hook.

D. Sept. 21.

4. Of the

discovery of

Hudson
River.

3. After a week's delay, Hudson passed through

* NEW YORK, the most northern of the Middle States, and now the most populous in the Union, has an area of nearly 47,000 square miles. This state has a great variety of surface. Two chains of the Alleghanies pass through the eastern part of the state The Highlands, coming from New Jersey, cross the Hudson near West Point, and soon after pass into Connecticut. The Catskill mountains, farther west, and more irregula in their outlines, cross the Mohawk, and continue under different names, along the western border of Lake Champlain. The western part of the state has generally a level surface, except in the southern tier of counties, where the western ranges of the Al leghanies terminate. The soil throughout the state is, generally, good; and along the valley of the Mohawk, and in the western part of the state, it is highly fertile.

Capes Charles and Henry, at the entrance of Chesapeake Bay.

Delaware Bay is a large arm of the sea, setting up into the land between New Jer sey and Delaware; and having, at its entrance, Cape May on the north, and Cave Hit lopen on the south, eighteen miles apart. Some distance within the capes the bay is thirty miles across. This bay has no safe natural harbor, but a good artificial harbor has been constructed by the general government within Cape Henlopen. It is formed by two massive stone piers, called the Delaware Breakwater.

Sandy Hook is a low sandy island, on the eastern coast of New Jersey, extending north from the N. Eastern extremity of Monmouth County, and separated from it by Shrewsbury Inlet. It is five miles in length, and seventeen miles S. from New York. At the northern extremity of the island is a light-house, but the accumulating sand is gradually extending the point farther north. Sandy Hook was a peninsula until 1778, when the waters of the ocean forced a passage, and cut it off from the mainland. In 1800 the inlet was closed, but it was opened again in 1830, and now admits vessels through its channel.

*

the Narrows, and, during ten days, continued to as- 1609.
cend the noble river which bears his name; nor was
it until his vessel had passed beyond the city of Hud
son,† and a boat had advanced probably beyond Al-
bany, that he appears to have relinquished all hopes

said of

of being able to reach the Pacific by this inland pas- a. Oct. 14.
sage. Having completed his discovery, he slowly 1. What is
descended the stream, and sailing for Europe, reached
England in the November following. The king,
James the First, jealous of the advantages which the
Dutch might seek to derive from the discovery, forbade
his return to Holland.

X 4. In the following year, 1610, the Dutch East
India Company fitted out a ship with merchandise, to
traffic with the natives of the country which Hudson
had explored. The voyage being prosperous, the
traffic was continued; and when Argall, in 1613, was
returning from his excursion against the French set-
tlement of Port Royal, he found on the island of Man-
hattan a few rude hovels, which the Dutch had erected
there as a summer station for those engaged in the trade
with the natives.

5. The Dutch, unable to make any resistance
against the force of Argall, quietly submitted to the
English claim of sovereignty over the country; but,

Hudson's re his treatment by the b. Nov. 17.

turn, and

king?

1610. What was Dutch East

done by the

India Com. pany? c. See p. 56. 3. What was

the

condi Dutch settle time of Ar Ball's visit?

tion of the

ment at the

What eas Argall's

the result of

visit?

*The entrance to New York harbor, between Long Island on the east and Staten Island on the west, is called the Narrows. It is about one mile wide, and is nine miles below the city. (See Map.)

The city of Hudson is on the east side of Hudson River, 116 miles N. from New
York, and twenty-nine miles S. from Al-
Dany.

NEW YORK AND VICINITY.

Manhattan, or New York island, lies on the east side of Hudson River, at the head of New York harbor. It is about fourteen miles in length, and has an average width of one mile and three fifths. It is separated from Long Island on the east, by a strait called the East River, which connects the harbor and Long Island Sound; and from the mainland on the east by Haerlem River, a strait which connects the East River and the Hudson. The Dutch settlement on the southern part of the island, was called New Amsterdam. Here now stands the city of New York, the largest in America, and second only to London in the amount of its commerce. The city is rapidly increasing in size, although its compact parts already have a circunfere ice of about nine miles (See Map.)

ewtono Flushing

1614.

1. What neto

1613. on his departure, they continued their tramc,-passed the winter there, and, in the following year, erected a rude fort on the southern part of the island. 'In 1615 settlement they began a settlement at Albany,* which had been ter made, previously visited, and erected a fort which was called Fort Orange. The country in their possession was called NEW NETHERLANDS.t

was soor af

and what

was the Country called?

the country governed, when actu

zed,-and when was

the first gov

2. How wa8 6. During several years, Directors, sent out by the East India Company, exercised authority over the little ally coloni settlement of New Amsterdam on the island of Manhattan, but it was not until 1623 that the actual coloernor ap nizing of the country took place, nor until 1625 that an actual governor was formally appointed. In 1621 the Dutch West India Company was formed, and, in the same year, the States-General of Holland granted India Com- to it the exclusive privilege to traffic and plant colonies on the American coast, from the Straits of Magellan to the remotest north.

pointed? 1621.

3. What is

said of the

Dutch West

pany?

1623.

account of

ed settle

southern

Tersey.

7. In 1623 a number of settlers, duly provided with Given the means of subsistence, trade, and defence, were sent the attempt out under the command of Cornelius Mey, who not ment in the only visited Manhattan, but, entering Delaware Bay, part of New and ascending the river, took possession of the country, and, a few miles below Camden,§ in the present New Jersey, built Fort Nassau. The fort, however, was soon after abandoned, and the worthy Captain Mey carried away with him the affectionate regrets of ments in the the natives, who long cherished his memory. ProbNew Jersey. ably a few years before this, the Dutch settled at

5. Of settle

north

ALBANY AND VICINITY.

Mohawk Waterfor
Schenectady

Niskayunao
Cohoes Falls
West Troy

eenbush

erher

side, and Pennsylvania and largest class to Philadelphia.

*Albany, now the capital of the state of New York, is situated on the west bank of the Hudson River, 145 miles N. from New York by the river's course. It was first called by the Dutch Beaverwyck, and afterwards Willianstadt. (See Map.)

†The country from Cape Cod to the banks of the Delaware was claimed by the Dutch.

The Delaware River rises in the S. Eastern part of the state of New York, west of the Catskill mountains. It forms sixty miles of the boundary line between New York and Pennsylvania, and during the remainder of its course is the boundary between New Jersey, on the one Delaware on the other. It is navigable for vessels of the

Camden, now a city, is situated on the east side of Delaware River, opposite to Philadelphia. (See Map, p. 152.)

This fort was on Big Timber Creek, in the present Gloucester County, about five miles S. from Camden.

1615 been Called

was

the

little

Man

colo

that

621

in

ted

ies

to

th

ot

t

1625.

1. What events occurred in 1625 2

2. What

feelings ained by

were enter

8. In 1625 Peter Minuits arrived at Manhattan, as governor of New Netherlands, and in the same year the settlement of Brooklyn,t on Long Island, was commenced. 2The Dutch colony at this time showed a disposition to cultivate friendly relations with the English settlements in New England, and mutual courtesies were exchanged, the Dutch cordially inviting the Plymouth settlers to remove to the more ertile soil of the Connecticut, and the English ad- war each vising the Dutch to secure their claim to the banks of the Hudson by a treaty with England.

9. Although Holland claimed the country, on the ground of its discovery by Hudson, yet it was likewise claimed by England, on the ground of the first discovery of the continent by Cabot. The pilgrims expressed the kindest wishes for the prosperity of the Dutch, but, at the same time, requested them not to send their skiffs into Narragansett Bay for beaver skins. The Dutch at Manhattan were at that time little more than a company of hunters and traders, employed in the traffic of the furs of the otter and the beaver.

10. In 1629 the West India Company, in the hope of exciting individual enterprise to colonize the country, promised, by "a charter of liberties," the grant of an extensive tract of land to each individual who should, within four years, form a settlement of fifty persons Those who should plant colonies were to purchase the land of the Indians, and it was likewise enjoined upon them that they should, at an early period, provide for the support of a minister and a schoolmaster, that the service of God, and zeal for religion, might not be neglected.

the Dutch and the English col onists to

3.

other? a. Oct.

opposing

What to said of the claims to the What did

4.

country?

the Pilgrims re

quest of the

5.

Dutch?

What was tion of the Dutch at

the condi

Manhattan?

1629. 6. Give an the charter

account of

of liberties"

* The village of Bergen is on the summit of Bergen Ridge, three miles W from Jersey City, and four from New York. (See Map, p. 117.)

† Brooklyn, now a city, is situated on elevated land at the west end of Long Island, opposite the lower part of the city of New York, from which it is separated by East River, three fourths of a mile wide. (See Map, p. 117.)

Img Island, forming a part of the state of New York, lies south of Connecticut, from which it is separated by Long Island Sound. It is 120 miles in length, and has an average width of about twelve miles. It contains an area of about 1,450 square miles, and is, therefore, larger than the entire state of Rhode Island. The north side of the island is rough and hilly,-the south low and sandy. (See Map, p. 117.)