of the press, as a reason for discouraging foreign influence and foreign immigration: "Because any body and every body may come without let or hinderance, the rogues and vagabonds from London, Paris, Amsterdam, Vienna, Naples,. Hamburg, Berlin, Rome, Genoa, Leghorn, Geneva, etc., may come and do come. The outpourings of alms and work-houses, and prisons and penitentiaries, may come and do come. Monarchies, oligarchies and aristocracies may and do reduce millions of people to poverty and beggary, and compel the most valueless to seek for shelter and a home in the United States of America, and they do so. And what are the consequences? The consequences are that about 400,000 souls from Europe, chiefly Germans, Irish and Dutch are annually arriving in this country and making it their permanent abode. That a vast number of these immigrants come without money, occupation, friends or business. "That go where you will in the United States, you find nearly all the dens of iniquity, taverns, grog shops, beer houses, gambling places," "are kept by foreigners; and that numerous objects of poverty and destitution are to be seen crawling along the streets in every direction. This unlimited and unrestricted admission of foreign immigrants, is a serious injury to the native laboring population socially, morally, religiously, and politically." "But there is an other consequence which is deserving of notice, and it is this: our manufacturers, iron makers, machinists, miners, agriculturists, railway, canal, and other contractors, private families, hotel keepers, and many others, have got into the way of expecting and seeking for cheap labor, through the various supplies of operatives, workmen, laborers, house help, and various kinds of workers, kept up by the indiscriminate and unrestrained admission of immigrants." So much for Native American love for foreigners! The cry, in those days: "America for the Americans."

แ

The following is from a speech from James Cooper of Pennsylvania, in the senate of the United States, January 25, 1855:

"I desire to advert briefly to an other mischief not wholly, but nevertheless, to some extent, the result of admitting into the country the idle and turbulent spirits sent hither in order to relieve their own governments of their dangerous presence. I refer, Mr. President, to the practice now prevalent in the larger cities, of organizing volunteer companies and battalions composed wholly of foreigners, bearing foreign names, wearing foreign uniforms, and parading under foreign colors. In New York, Boston, and elsewhere, you hear of German Jägers, French Chasseurs, Irish Greens, Swiss Guards, &c. I am informed that in the first named city there is a brigade composed entirely of Irishmen, called the Irish brigade. Now, sir, this is all wrong, and would not be tolerated by any other government on the face of the earth." New Hampshire Legislature in Nov. 24, 1798, petitioned Congress to "exclude from a seat in either branch of Congress, any person who shall not have been actually naturalized at the time of making this amendment, and have been a citizen fourteen years at least at the time of his election."

Daniel Webster, in 1844, in a speech before a Whig Meeting in Faneuil Hall, Boston, spoke as follows:--"The result of the recent elections, in several states, has impressed my mind with one deep and strong conviction; that is, that there is an imperative necessity for reforming the naturalization laws of the United States." "But it is not unreasonable that the elective franchise should not be exercised by a person of a foreign birth, until after such length of residence among us, as that he may be supposed to have become,

in some good measure, acquainted with our constitution and laws, our social institutions, and the general interest of the country; and to have become an American in feeling, principle, character, and sympathy, as well as by having established his domicile amongst us." "Those already naturalized have, of course, their rights secured: but I can conceive no reasonable objection to the different provisions in regard to future cases." "I avow it, therefore, as my opinion, that it is the duty of us all to endeavor to bring about an efficient reformation of the naturalization laws of the United States."-Nile's Register, vol. 67, p. 172.

So much for the hostility to foreigners by the Federalists, Whigs and Know-Nothings. Foreigners who have held honorable offices from United States senator to municipal offices would be excluded therefrom but for the democratic party!—It is provided by an act of July 17, 1862, that any Alien of the age of twenty-one years and upwards who enlisted in the armies of the United States during the recent rebellion and honorably discharged from the service of the United States, may be admitted to citizenship on proof of one year's residence, upon his petition, without any proof of his declaration to become a citizen of the United States. -Act July 17, 1862.— Brightly's Dig, vol. 2, p. 5.

The reader will understand the present laws on naturalization from the following record of naturalization as adopted by several states, to wit:

"UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.

"State of

"Be it remembered that on the - of March in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and personally appeared before me the Hon. A. G. C. judge of the District court of the county of - in the eighth Judicial District, and state aforesaid, the same being a court of record having and exercising common law jurisdiction, a seal, and a clerk, and sitting judicially for the despatch of business, at the CourtHouse in L in the county aforesaid, D. D. an alien born, free, white, male person, above the age of twenty-one years, and applied to the said court, to be admitted to become a naturalized citizen of the United States of America, pursuant to the several acts of Congress heretofore passed on that subject, entitled "An act to establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and to repeal the acts heretofore passed on that subject, approved the 14th day of April, 1802; an act entitled an act in addition to an act entitled an act to establish a uniform rule of naturalization and to repeal the acts heretofore passed on that subject, approved on the 26th day of March, 1804, an act entitled an act supplementary to the acts heretofore passed on the subject, of a uniform rule of naturalization, passed the 30th day of July, 1813; the act relative to evidence in cases of naturalization, passed the 22d day of March, 1816; an act in further addition to an act to establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and to repeal the acts heretofore passed on that subject, passed May 26th, 1824; and the said having thereupon produced to the court record testimony, showing that he has heretofore reported himself and filed his declaration of his intention to become a citizen of the United States, according to the provisions of the said several Acts of Congress, and the court being satisfied as well from the oath of the said D. D. as from the testimony of D. C. and E. F. who are known to be citizens of the United States, that the said D. D. has resided within the limits, and under the jurisdiction of the United States, for at least five years last-past, and at least one year last-past within the state of ; and that during the whole of that time he has behaved him.

9

self as a man of good moral character, attached to the principles contained in the constitution of the United States, and well disposed to the good order, well-being and happiness of the same, and two years and upwards having elasped since the said D. D. reported himself, and filed his declaration of his intention as aforesaid, It was ordered, that the said D. D. be permitted to take the oath to support the constitution of the United States, and the usual oath whereby he renounced all allegiance and fidelity to every foreign prince, potentate, state and sovereignty whatever, and more particularly to the of whereof he was heretofore a subject, which said oath, having been administered to the said D. D. by the clerk of said court, it was ordered by the court that the said D. D. be admitted to all and singular the rights, privileges and immunities of a naturalized citizen of the United States, and that the same be certified by the clerk of this court under the seal of said court accordingly.

this

"In Testimony whereof, the seal of said court is hereto affixed at the clerk's office in L.day of -A. D. 1875, and of the Independence of the United States, the Ninety

[L. S.]

"Clerk of the District Court of L

"Under the acts of Congress, children born abroad, not only of citizens by birth, but also of naturalized citizens of the United States, are citizens of the United States. Saspotas v. De la Motta. 10 Richardson Eq. R. 38. -Brightly's Dig. 5. "Allegiance of a naturalized citizen cannot be transferred to another government, by a treaty ceding the territory in which he is domiciled, as in case of a natural born citizen; by such cession he is released from his statutory allegiance and remitted to his original status." Tobin v. Walkingham, 1. McAllister 186. "An alien woman, married to an alien, in a foreign country, and continuing to reside there until her husband's death, does not become a citizen, under the act of 10 February 1855, so as to entitle her to dower, by reasons of her husband's naturalization subsequent to their marriage. Burton v. Burton. 12 American L. R. 425. By the laws of Minnesota all married women are entitled to dower, whether they are citizens or foreigners. Mr. Mahony, an Irishman, ex-editor of the Dubuque Herald and the present editor of the Dubuque Telegraph, when a menber of the Iowa legislature had a similar act passed by the Iowa legislature. "Under the act of 14 April 1802, the residence of an applicant for naturalization within the State, need not have been for the year next preceeding his application. Cummings Petition. 41 New Hamp. 270. "Wilful false swearing, by a person giving material testimony in naturalization proceeding, before a state court, is an offence against the laws of the United States, and punishable only in the Federal Courts. People v. Sweetman 3 Parker C. R. 358 contra Rump v. Commonwealth 6 Casey, 475. state courts, in entertaining jurisdiction of cases of naturalization, act exclusively under the laws of the United States, and are to be deemed, quoad hoc, courts of the United States. People v. Sweetman 3 Parker C. R. 358. The inhabitants of a territory ceded to the United States, by treaty, become citizens of the United States, without naturalization under the acts of Congress." Harrold's Case, 2 Penn. L. J. 119. In 1868, the courts of Pennsylvania disfranchised foreign-born naturalized citizens. Foreign-born naturalized citizens, in 1868 were disfranchised in New Orleans, who were naturalized in the district courts. World Almanac 1869, p. 45. Session of

"The

Congress 1868-9, a bill was introduced in Congress providing, that all who had been naturalized since 1867, should give up their naturalization papers and take other papers out of the courts of the United States.

CHAPTER VII.-SOLDIERS' BOUNTY-MILITARY LAND WARRANTS-PRE-EMPTION LAW-LAND GRANTS-RAILROAD LANDS-HOMESTEAD LANDS-DECLARATION

PENDENCE.

OF INDE

The State Governments and the Federal Government granted bounty lands to the soldiers who fought in the war of the revolution.-Acts of congress 1779 and 1780 gave to each captain in the army of the revolution 400 acres of land. Act March 2, 1807, donated 640 acres of land to each actual settler who occupied them prior to July 1, 1796.-Opinions Attys. Gen. vol. 2. p. 1338. Act of Sept. 28, 1850, sec. 1, page 520, 9 statutes at large, gives land warrants to each of the surviving, their widow or minor children of deceased commissioned and non-commissioned officers, musicians or privates whether of regulars, volunteers, rangers, or militia, who performed military service in any regiment, eompany or the detachment in the service of the United States in the war with Great Britain, declared by the United States, on the 18th day of June, 1812, or in any of the Indian wars since 1790, and each of the commissioned officers who was employed in the military service of the United States in the late war with Mexico, shall be entitled to lands as follows: Those who engaged to serve twelve months or during the war, and actually_served nine months, shall receive one hundred and sixty acres, and these who engaged to serve six months, and actually served four months, shall receive eighty acres, and those who engaged to serve for any or an indefinite period, and actually served one month, shall receive forty acres." Brightly's Dig. 96. Those who received land warrants for military services in the Mexican War should thank Gen. James Shields, an Irishman, who was then a senator from Illinois, and who got the bill passed. He was a true friend of the soldiers, and an honor to Ireland. The eighth section of the act of March 3, 1855, "shall be construed as embracing officers, mariners, seamen and other persons engaged in the naval service of the United States during the revolutionary war." Brightly's Dig. 99. The Democratic party, in the days of Jefferson, Madison and Monroe had scruples about the constitutional powers of Congress to grant lands for internal improvements, but to leave the States donate lands for that purpose. Act 30 April, 1802, Congress appropriated one-twentieth part of the net proceeds of the lands within the said state (Ohio), sold by Congress to be applied in making public roads from the navigable waters emptying into the Atlantic and Ohio, such roads to be laid out under the authority of Congress with the consent of the several states through which the said road shall pass. Brightly's Dig. 708. This was in strict conformity with the Constitution. Congress, from time to time, has granted to the several states formed out of the public domain, a percentage of the net proceeds of the sale of public lands, for public improvements. Lands have been granted for "county seats," state buildings, seminaries, university buildings. Act Sept. 4, 1841, gives to the States of Minnesota and other new states, lands for internal improvements. 5 Statutes at Large 455. Acts of Congress have given to certain states the swamp lands

within the same.--Brightly's Dig. 492. Act Feb. 17, 1855, granted the right of way to the Pacific Telegraph Company.-Brightly's Dig. 862. See act March 12, 1860, which gives swamp lands to Minnesota and Oregon.--12 Statutes 3. Brightly's Dig. vol. 2, p. 291. Several acts of Congress had given the right of pre-emption to actual settlers, residing in the territories before their organization.-Brightly's Dig. 527, 2 Statutes at Large 229. By Act of March 26, 1804, lands were sold at public auction to the highest bidder, the purchaser had the privilege of paying by instalments. -Brightly's Dig. 478. By Act of April 24, 1820, the credit system was abolished, and it was provided that all lands should be first offered at public auction; if not then sold, to be subject to private sale at $1.25 per acre.-Brightly's Dig. 480. The price of lands before the passage of this act was two dollars per acre. Act May 18, 1796. Act March 3, 1803, recognized grants from Spain and England.-Brightly's Dig. 519. Congress granted five per cent of the proceeds of public lands for the building of canals.-Brightly's Dig. 640. Congress granted lands to the State of Mississippi for building the Brandon Railroad. This act passed Sept. 4, 1841.-5 Statutes 457. Act June 25, 1835, Congress granted to a railroad company ten acres of land at the junction of the St. Mark's and Waculla Rivers.-Opinions Attys. Gen. U. S. vol. 2, p. 13-Act of Sept. 27 1850, donates to each actual settler, in Oregon, one-half section of land, and one-quarter section of land was donated to each actual settler in New Mexico. Brightly's Dig. 575. It was provided that settlers should reside on the land for four years. Act of Congress 1841 gives the right of preemption to actual settlers, on the public lands, who are citizens of the United States or who have declared their intentions to become such except those who own 320 acres of land, or who had once pre-empted, or who left his own land to make a pre-emption claim. No person shall preempt more than one hundred and sixty acres of land.-Brightly's Dig. 476. $2.50 shall be paid for lands within the limits of land grant railroads. All of the public lands of the United States which shall have been in market for ten years or upwards, prior to the time of application to enter the same under the provisions of this act, and still remaining unsold shall be subject to sale at the price of one dollar per acre; and all of the lands of the United States that shall have been in market for fifteen years or upwards as aforesaid, and still remaining unsold, shall be subject to sale at seventy-five cents per acre; and all of the lands of the United States that shall have been in market for twenty years or upwards as aforesaid, and still remaining unsold, shall be subject to sale at fifty cents per acre; and all of the lands of the United States that shall have been in market for twenty-five years and upwards as aforesaid, and still remaining unsold, shall be subject to sale at twenty-five cents per acre; and all lands of the United States that shall have been in market for thirty years or more, shall be subject to sale at twelve-and-a-half cents per acre. Act Aug. 4. 1854.Statutes, 10, p. 574. In 1837, public lands were granted to a railroad company in Louisiana, for building a depot. 5 Statutes at Large p. 196. The right of way was granted through the public lands to Carrolton Railroad Company.-Ib. 197. Act June 18, 1838, granted lands to the territory of Wisconsin for constructing a canal. 5 Statutes 245, June 28, 1838, the right of way was granted to a railroad in Florida. 5 Statutes 253. In 1845, lands were granted to the State of Indiana to complete the Wabash and Erie canal to the Ohio River. 5 Statutes 731. So that up to this time, railroad companies were glad to get the right of way over the public lands and a small land grant for depots, etc. But recently they have obtained large land grants in the new states since the advent of the Republican