the consent of the owner; nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.

ARTICLE IV.

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated; and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.

ARTICLE V.

No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service, in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled, in any criminal case, to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation.

ARTICLE VI.

In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor; and to have the assistance of counsel for his defence.

ARTICLE VII.

In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.

ARTICLE VIII.

Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.

ARTICLE IX.

The enumeration in the constitution of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.

ARTICLE X.

The powers not delegated to the United States by the constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people.

ARTICLE XI.

Third Congress, Second Session, December 2, 1793.

The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of another state, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign state.

ARTICLE XII.

Eighth Congress, First Session, October 17, 1803.

The electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot for president and vice-president, one of whom, at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as president, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as vice-president; and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as president, and of all persons voted for as vicepresident; and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the president of the senate; the president of the senate shall, in the presence of the senate and house of representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted: the person having the greatest number of votes for president, shall be the president, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers, not exceeding three, on the list of those voted for as president, the house of representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the president. But in choosing the president, the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. And if the house of representatives shall not choose a president whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the vice-president shall act as president, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the president.

The person having the greatest number of votes as vice-president, shall be the vice-president, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the senate shall choose the vice-president: a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice.

But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of president, shall be eligible to that of vice-president of the United States.

ARTICLE XIII.

Sec. 1. Slavery abolished,-Neitner slavery nor involuntary gervi tude except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shali have peen duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or in any place subject to their jurisdiction.

Sec. 2. Power of Congress.-Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. (Declared adopted by the Secretary of state Feb. 18, 1865)

1 Abb, (U. S,) 28; 1 Dill, C. R. 248.

ARTICLE XIV.

Sec. 1. Who are citizens.-All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subjects to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the law.

Sec. 2. Representatives, how apportioned,-Representatives shall be apportioned among the several states according to their respective numbers: counting the whole number of persons in each state, excluding Indians not taxed, but when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice-President of the United States, representatives in Congress, the executive and judical officers of a state, or the members of the legislature thereof is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such state being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridge, except for participation in the rebellion or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twentyone years of age in such state.

Sec. 3. Eligibility to office, &c.-No person shall be Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of President or Vice-President or hold any office civil or military, under the United States or under any state, who having previously taken the oath as a member of Congress or an officer of the United States, or as a member of any state legislature,, or an executive or judical officer of any state, to support the constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or has given aid and comfort to the enemies thereof., But Congress may by a vote of two thirds of each house remove such disability.

Sec. 4. Validity of public debt not to be questioned.

The validity of the public debt of the United States authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion against the United States shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim forthe loss or emancipation of any slave, but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void.

Sec. 5 That Congress shall have power to enforce by appropriate legislation the provisions of this article.

(Declared adopted by the Secretary of State, 28th of July, 1869.) 44 Alo. 367: Cal. 653; 1 Dill. C. R. 344.

ARTICLE XV.

Sec. 1. In regard to suffrage,-The rights of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States, or any State, on account of race or color, or previous condition of servitude.

Sec. 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by the appropriate legislation.

(Declared adopted by the Secretary of State, March 30, 1870.

NATIONAL PLATFORMS.

Before the nomination of Gen. Jackson by the Legislature of Ten nessee, Candidates for President and Vice President were nominated by "Congressional Caucus", so that National conventions are of comparatively recent origin, as also party platforms.

U.. S. Anti-masonic convention

The United States Anti-masonic convention was held at Philadelphia in September, 1830, when the following resolution was adopted; "Resolved, that it is recommended to the people of the United States, opposed to Secret Societies, to meet in convention on Monday the 26th day of September, 1831, at the city of Baltimore by delegates equal in number to their representatives in both houses of Congress, to make nominations of suitable candidates for the office of President and Vice-President, to be supported at the next election, and for the transaction of such other business as the cause of Anti-Masonry may require."

The Democratic convention met at Baltimore in May, 1832, when the following platform was adopted;

"Resolved, that each state be entitled, in the nomination to be made for the Vice-Presidency, to a number of votes equal to the number to which they will be entitled in the electoral colleges, under the new apportionment in voting for President and Vice-President; and that twothirds of the whole number of the votes in the convention shall be necessary to constitute a choice."

The following resolution was adopted:

"Resolved that it be recommended to the several delegations in this convention, in place of a general address from this body to the people of the United States, to make such explanation by address, report, or otherwise, to their respective constituents of the object, proceedings and result of them eeting, as they may deem expedient.

Henry Clay platform of 1831:

"The political history of the union for the last three years exhibits a series of measures plainly dictated in all their principal features by blind cupidity or vindictive party spirit, marked throughout by a disregard of good policy, justice, and every high and generous sentiment, and terminating in a dissolution of the cabinet under circumstances more discreditable than any of the kind to be met with in the annals of the civilized world."

"On the great subjects of internal policy, the course of the President has been so inconsistent and vacillating, that it is impossible for any party to place confidence in his character, or to consider him as a true