demands upon German Theology in a published letter by Dr. Fitzgerald, Bishop of Cork, a criticism of the English methods of metaphysical and theological argument, and recommendation of the German as alone sufficient to meet the forms of scepticism now rife in England. The article, occupying fully one half of the entire number, is of great clearness and value, written in a genial earnest spirit, by one whose residence of a year in England and Scotland, when a Repetent at Tübingen, for the very purpose of studying their forms of religious life and thought, and whose carefully maintained familiarity with both English and American theological literature ever since, peculiarly fit him to do this. His present position as, since Julius Müller's sickness, the leading scientific evangelical theologian of Germany, gives warrant for the thoroughness and comprehensiveness of the views presented.-The third part for 1861 has Ritschl on the Historical Method as applied to early Christianity a thorough criticism of Baur's destructive processes; Von der Goltz, on the Theological Bearings of Bengel and his School-as opposed to scholastic theology and idealism; Kalchreuter on the Original Gospel; Diestelmann on the Baptism for the Dead (1 Cor. xv, 66 29)- baptized in the hope of a resurrection in Christ from the dead"; Prof. Schaff of Mercersburg on the Origin and Character of Monasticism-an able article; Wittichen on the Church and its Officers. The fourth part has a long account of the Oxford Essays by Diestel; Zöckler on Species, in its theological bearings (reviewing Agassiz and Darwin); and Harries on Luther's doctrine of Justification, as avowed before A.D. 1517. The first of these articles is in the main a resumé of the positions of the Essayists. Their relation to German theology is judged to be rather superficial. The second article contains incidentally a high tribute to the merits of President Hitchcock's Religion of Geology. It speaks of Agassiz as Professor in the "Unitarian" university of Cambridge.

The German Quarterly for English Theological Investigations and Criticisms (Deutsche Vierteljahrsschrift, etc.), edited by Dr. Heidenheim in London, and published in Gotha by Perthes, is a new periodical, designed to foster the literary and theological communion of England and Germany. The first number, whose contents we have previously noticed, was published March 31, 1861. The second number, dated August 31, opens with an interesting article by Prof. A. P. Stanley of Oxford, on the Study of Church History, translated into German. It is a lecture of his course at Oxford. The second article is a continuation of the account of the Mormons from Mormon sources, by Dr. J. Overbeck of London. One of the objects of this review is to render an account of the ancient Syriac and other мss. in the British Museum. A series of communications describes a Hieroglyphic work supposed to belong to the times of Joseph; Rabbinic notices of the Burial-place of Joseph; Phoenician Inscriptions, a codex of the Prophets of the sixth century, and a Syrian Hexapla of the Psalms, in the Museum. There is also a valuable sketch of the Samaritan liturgical literature (19 MSS. in British Museum), and a Samaritan hymn. This number concludes with criticisms of the Essays and Reviews, of Thrupp on the Psalms, and of the Life and Epistles of Paul. There are also two plates of facsimiles of the inscriptions, etc. The work promises to be a very valuable addition to periodical literature.

Laemmer's Monumenta Vaticana contains instructions to, and reports from, the various papal nuncios and legates in the early part of the 16th century.

The Zeitschrift f. wissenschaftliche Theologie, the organ of the Tübingen school, Parts 3 and 4, 1861, has Holsten on Paul's Vision of Christ in

1 Cor. xv, 8; Hilgenfeld on the Quartodecimani of Asia and the canonical gospels; Zeller, a reply to Ewald's attack on Baur; Kunze, the position of the moon on the day of Polycarp's death - he makes the death of Polycarp to have occurred 26th March, A.D. 166; Böhmer, Memorials of Middeldorpf; Hilgenfeld on the apocryphal books of the Old Testament — a continuation; Volkmar on the Book of Enoch and the General Epistles; Ochler on Gelasius and the Nicene Council; Lang on Baur, in reply to Gelzer and Landerer; the concluding part of an able sketch on Julian the Apostate.

Ewald's Jahrbücher für biblische Wissenschaft, vol. xi, 1860-1, has articles on the Hebrew Language; the Structure of the Proverbs; the Dramatic Element in the Prophets (Micah vi); the Biblical representations about seeing the Invisible; the Prophecies of Christ and the Apocalypse; Relation of Biblical Science to our Times; Survey of Works on Biblical Science, 1860-1. His attack on Baur was written before Baur's decease, and is replied to by Zeller, as above.

The Theologische Zeitschrift, edited by Dieckhoff and Kliefoth, represents the stricter form of Lutheranism. It is issued every two months. Among the articles are a continuation of Luther's Doctrine about Grace, giving a full account of his views on baptism; an Address on the Founding of the German Church by Boniface, by Dieckhoff; a long article on the Romanizing Tendencies of a German periodical, Das Volksblatt für Stadt und Land, by Reich. Prof. J. Bachmann contributes a full history of the Book of Judges in the Christian Church, giving an account of all the commentaries, etc. No one of the scholastics wrote on the Judges, and only two of the mystics, Rupert of Duytz, and Hugo of St. Victor. The patristic literature abounds in commentaries. The Song of Deborah has received the most attention. The subject is to be continued. Prof. Keil reviews, with sharp criticism, Bleek's Introduction to the Old Testament, saying that he had only a superficial acquaintance with the Hebrew language. M. G. Schött gives an account of the revivals in America, Ireland, etc. from the stable Lutheran standpoint.

The Deutsche Zeitschrift, now issued monthly, contains Prof. Schlottmann on Christian Truthfulness in Polemics-against Hengstenberg; Prof. Diestel, The Present State of Introductions to the Old Testament— reviewing recent works; an extract from Sudhoff's Lectures, on Servetus,an impartial account of his trial; a criticism by Lange of Rothe's idea of God and theory of creation; an excellent account of Gnosticism, by R. Baxmann, with reference to the recent works of Möller and Lipsius; Bernstein on the Exiles in Silesia; Beyschlag on the Order of Evangelical Worship, an address before the Union of Saxony; Erdmann on the Prussian Reformer, Speratus, two articles; a severe criticism by Prof. Hupfeld, of "the theosophic and mythological interpretations of Scripture", as seen in the works of Hofmann, Baumgarten, Kurtz, Delitzsch and others.

The Theologische Quartalschrift (Rom. Cath.), part 3, 1861, contains a continuation of Gams on the Ancient Church History of Spain; Kerker on Preaching in the last part of the Middle Ages; Hefele on the question, whether Gregory VII (Hildebrand) sought to have his election to the papacy confirmed by Henry IV? affirming that he did, and that this was the last instance. Nolte reviews at length Dr. Hussey's new edition of the Church History of Sozomen, in a very learned critical article.

The Zeitschrift für lutherische Theologie, Heft 4, 1861, continues Rudelbach's Confession, an' autobiographical sketch of the state of religion and theology in Denmark. This portion relates to the years 1800-1805, and

gives most interesting details about men and parties. The whole work will make 3 vols. The second article by Mehring, on the Angel of the Lord, defends against Hofmann, Delitzsch and Kurtz, the position, that the Angel is Jehovah manifested—in the early books of the Old Testament; but takes the ground that in the prophets (particularly Zechariah and Daniel) the Angel is distinguished from Jehovah. The other articles are Schott on 1 Cor. vii, 24-40; and Haase on the Roman Question.

Guericke's Christian Symbolism appears in a third, thoroughly revised edition, pp. xxviii, 739.

Schlosser, the historian, died at Heidelberg, Sept. 24, aged 85. The decease of the eminent jurist Savigny is also announced.

Dr. Döllinger has recanted or modified his statements about the temporal power of the papacy, now saying that "the Pope, in the defence of his temporal power, was fighting for the most just cause; that the cause of the Pope was also the cause of all legitimate monarchs and of the public peace and order of all Europe; and that if he were stripped of his dominions, the restoration of his temporal power should be made the common cause of Catholic Christendom.'

A number of valuable biographical works, illustrating the history of the church, have been published in Germany the last year, besides the series on the Reformed church edited by Hagenbach, and that on the Lutheran church, just begun. Among these are two works on the Swabian reformer, Ambrose Blaurer, one by Keim, and a fuller account by Pressel. The Slavic reformer Truber (translator of the New Testament into the Wendish), is commemorated by Sillen. Francke's correspondence with Spener, and his autobiography, have been published by Kramer; much of the matter is quite new.

HOLLAND.

A writer in the Neue Evangelische Kirchenzeitung divides the theological movements in Holland into four parties. 1. The strict Orthodox. 2. The mild Orthodox. 3. The moderate Liberals (the school of Groningen). 4. The Liberals proper-degenerating on the extreme left into a materialistic tendency. The 1st has its chief scat at the Hague, and is represented by Groen van Prinsterer, who has been a minister of state, and a deputy, resigning the latter post when the government abolished specific religious instruction in the schools. He contended strongly against all infidel tendencies, and vindicated the idea of the Christian state (like Stahl in Prussia). Capadose, Makai, and Elout van Souterwonde, also belong to this party, which is small in numbers. A "methodistic-pietistic" abhorrence of the world is also ascribed to them. They hold in general to the decrees of Dort. (The poet Bilderjik, who died in 1831, began the revival which led to the formation of this party, which is separated from the national church. In 1845 they formed a Reunion of Christian Friends, of which Van Prinsterer is the President.) 2. The mild orthodox are united in a society called Earnestness and Peace, and publish a journal with the same title, edited by Chantepie de la Saussaye, one of the pastors of the Walloon Church at Leyden. He has lately published a work in Paris on the Religious Crisis in Holland, in reply to Van Prinsterer's charges that he had abandoned orthodoxy. Among the other representatives of this tendency are Domine Beets, President of the above Society, a pastor in Hemstede near Haarlem, well known as a poet and re

ligious writer; Domine Helldring, the Wichern of Holland, founder of a Magdalen Asylum at Steenbeck; Hasenbrock, reputed the first pulpit orator of Amsterdam; Van Rhyn, who visited the East Indian missions and wrote an account of them; Van Osterzee, the author of some of the best portions of the new Bible-Work of Lange; Prof. Doedes of Utrecht, who has written ably against the deistic and pantheistic tendencies; Trottet, a pupil of Vinet and Neander, who has written for the Revue Chrétienne an account of Dutch theological affairs, which Van Prinsterer accuses of misrepresenting the strict orthodox. This school is ethical in its tendencies, though holding to a positive revelation in Christ. Da Costa of Amsterdam is spoken of, as mediating between them and the strictly orthodox. 3. The School of Groningen. The head of this school was Van Heusde of Utrecht, the distinguished Platonist, who published in 1831 (he died 1845) "The Socratic School in the 19th Century". The tendency is Platonizing; and it has an infusion of Schleiermacher's system. Hofstede de Groot of Groningen is its present representative. In their theology, they are Arians, with a mystic tendency. 4. The Liberals, "who think as rationalists, talk biblically, and live in a worldly way". The University of Leyden represents this school, on the whole, though most of the clergy belong to it.

Prof. Scholten of Leyden (Prof. of Theology) maintains a kind of "deisticpantheistic" scheme in his "Doctrine of the Reformed Church in its Fundamental Principles", and his "Comparative History of Philosophy and Religion". Like Schweizer, he advocates Predestination in a merely philosophical sense, as a fixed necessity. Professor Opzoomer of Utrecht, the successor of Van Heusde, raised a storm by his Inaugural Dissertation on "Reconciling Man with himself by means of Philosophy", advocating substantially the pantheistic scheme. Pastor Pierson of Rotterdam is one of his followers. Opzoomer is said to have great influence among the young men of the University. Kienen, an Orientalist at Leyden, denies the inspiration of the Old Testament.

Schwartz's Heraut, a weekly journal, and Heldring's Vereenigung, a monthly, give, it is said, the best account of the state of religious affairs in Holland.

The general subject of the Religious Question in Holland was discussed by J. P. Trottet in the Revue Chrétienne, Paris, May and June, 1860. He refers, as authority, to an Historical Exposition of the State of the Reformed Church in the Netherlands, published by the Walloon Commission, 1855. M. Pierson of Rotterdam replies to Trottet in the July number of the Revue. Van Prinsterer's book, referred to above, is entitled, The Anti-Revolutionary and Confessional Party in the Church of Holland. Amsterdam. 1860.

FRANCE.

The death of the eloquent Abbé Lacordaire is announced. He was born in 1802, educated for the bar and then for the priesthood; and associated in 1830 with Lamennais and Montalembert in the bold and liberal L'Avenir. When the Pope condemned the doctrines of this journal, Lamennais revolted and Lacordaire yielded. In 1836 he wrote a letter on the Holy See, opposing his old principles. His Life of St. Dominic appeared in 1840. His Conferences at Nôtre Dame made him famous. In 1860 he was elected to the French Academy, filling the chair of De Tocqueville.

The Abbé Migne has in preparation a Complete Collection of Councils, 80 vol. 4to, for 500 francs. It will comprise twice the matter of Mansi's collection, and four times that of Labbe and Cossart. He also proposes to publish a series of works on the Agreement of Reason and Science with the Catholic Faith, in sixteen volumes, for 100 francs.

The Revue Chrétienne for May has a continuation of the excellent article on Marguerite de Valois, and a review, by Bonnet, of Vinet's work on the French Preachers. The June number contains an excellent essay by Charles Secrétan on Progress, in a Christian acceptation; a review of the Oxford Essays and Reviews by De Pressensé, on the whole unfavorable to them, though in favor of the independence of scientific investigations; the conclusion of Godet's treatise on the Song of Songs, in reply in part to Renan. The July part contains a sketch of the Later Friendships of Fenelon by Froissard; Diombres on Christian Life as viewed by Modern Catholicism, and a review of Quinet's poem, Merlin the Wizard, by Lelièvre. __The August number has F. Kuhn on the Moral Element in the Romance; Trottet, an instructive account of the Religious Crisis in Switzerland; Bastide on Individualism; Grenier, the Grand Epoch in Christian Art. Each number also has a Bibliographic Bulletin, and a review of contemporaneous events. Every three months, there is likewise published a Theological Supplement. The second Supplement contains a translation, by Sardinoux of Uhlhorn on the School of Tübingen; a translation (from the Jahrbücher für deutsche Theologie) of Weizsäcker's review of the recent French works of Pécant, De Rougemont, Coquerel, Reuss and De Pressensé. The third Supplement contains a long article by Prof. Jalaguier, on the Old and New Theology, attacking the positions of Secrétan in his Recherches sur la Méthode, with a reply by Secrétan. The new Professor at Montauban, le Bois, defends his inaugural address on the Supernatural against the exceptions of Réville in the Strasburg Nouvelle Revue de Théologie. Articles promised for subsequent numbers are by pastor M. G. Fisch, on the United States; Dorner on the Sinlessness of Christ; Astié on the Theological Crisis; De Pressensé on Inspiration, etc. The September part has a warm eulogy, with large extracts, of Mrs. Stowe's fragment, The Pearl of Orr's Island.

The famous work De Tribus Impostoribus has been reissued in elegant style, the Latin text compared with that of the Duke de la Vallière, now in the Imperial library, with various readings from other sources. Only 432 copies are issued, all numbered, from 8 to 4 francs each.

The Annales de Philosophie Chrétienne, edited by Bonnetty, published every month, has had during 1861, among other articles, two by De Larroque on the anthorship of the Imitation, of which we give elsewhere a synopsis; two excellent articles on the Truce of God, by De l'Hervilliers; on the Parsees and their belief, from a Parsee in Bombay, by Léon de Rosny; on the work of Peltier on Traditionalism; three valuable essays on Human Sacrifices among the Canaanites, the Egyptians, Phoenicians, Carthaginians, Athenians, Spartans, Thebans, etc. by Dr. Bourdin; a review of Blanc on Infallibility, by Domazan; Prémare on the Primitive Monotheism of the Chinese; a criticism of Nott and Gliddon's Types of Mankind, by De Charency, etc.

The Gobert prize of the Academy has been accorded to Dargaud's Histoire de la liberté religieuse, and to Géruzez' Littérature Française. The latter work is said to be the most exact, conscientious and interesting of its class.

The Grand Rabbin, M. L. Wogue, Prof. at the Israelitish Seminary of