decreased during the war from 1688 to 1697, so that it was about the same in 1700 as in 1688. The population of England and Wales in 1700 is put at 5,500,000 souls; which number is contained in 43,075,000, the aggregate income seven and four-fifths times, making the proportion for each person £7,166; or, converting the value of 1700 into the value of the present time, it would give each about $45, or counting five perBons to the family, it is equivalent to $225 of annual income to each family. The income from real and personal estate amounting to £14,000,000 as above given, was not included in dividing the income, because this amount was paid out of the productions given in the second table, and therefore is properly no part of the annual income. In 1841, McCulloch estimated the value of land produce of Ireland at £44,500,000; from which taking £4,500,000 for seed, and there remains £40,000,000 for the support of 8,205,382 persons; equal to £4 16s. each, or about $120 to each family. It is proper to state here, that the people of Ireland do not get this amount; for large portions are fed to horses kept for luxury, and sent out of the island to pay absentee landlords. In 1838, Mr. McCulloch estimated the whole value produced annually in Great Britain at £297,000,000; population, 18,000,000; amount of income per head, £16 10s.; per family, £82; in Federal Money, $400. At the same time he estimated the value produced to be enjoyed by the Irish people at less than £6, or $28,80 to each person, or $144 to each family. According to the Westminter Review for January, 1848, the total amount produced in Great Britain in 1841, was £330,750,274. Population, 18,000,000; amount to each, £17 10s.; to each family, $420 To close the calculations for the British Islands, we will give Pebrer's estimates for 1833 and the estimates already referred to for 1841. In 1841 the whole value of the property and the income was as follows: Lands, : Furniture, carriages, jewelry, books, &c., 180,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 Mr. Seaman thinks the amount for Ireland greatly overestimated. Calculating from the amount of products, he says, he cannot estimate the private property of Ireland at more than £550,000,000; amount owned by non-residents, 100,000,000; balance for the people, 450,500,000; population nearly 8,000,000; amount to each person, £56 4s.; federal money, $274 25; per family 1,371 25. Neither of the above estimates includes the value of stocks, foreign debts and property owned abroad by citizens of Great Britain and Ireland. The rents of dwelling-houses are not included, which would increase the amount £38,000,000, or over £2 per head. We will now give the most approved estimate of the population and wealth of England and Wales at various periods, with the per cent. added or deducted from the nominal value, to ascertain the comparative value, with the whole value of the property and the annual income from property and labour to each person. The amounts for 1200 and 1500 are estimated from the official amounts for 1600 and 1700, and the subsequent years, making due allowances for the different periods. This table is considered very accurate by those who have given the subject the most thorough investigation. It affords a powerful argument for the proposition at the head of this paper, for in it we see an increase of wealth, in a greater ratio than the increase of population; and yet, we ask in vain for the evidence that the wants of the people are better supplied at the present moment than they were six centuries ago. The people now have more known wants than they did in 1200, because they know more of themselves, and their wants have increased in a greater ratio than the wealth. Whether the people are now in a better condition than they were or not, we know this, that the amount of property per head in none of the above calculations does not afford too large a fortune for the highest good of a family. In most of the instances there is found enough with that labor which all are severally bound to perform to support a family. In the last table we find a nine-fold increase of population, and a sixty-fold increase of property, making allowance for the difference in value of the two periods, being about twenty-five per cent. The statistics for the Netherlands are not so full as those of Great Britain and the United States. But Mr. Murray, in his Encyclopedia of Geography, written about the years 1834-5, says, that careful inquiries instituted by the government prove that the agricultural capital of the country amounted to about 10,395,000,000 francs, equal to about $1,950, 000,000; all other capital, $1,300,000,000. Total $3,250,000,000. Population, 6,759,000; amount to each person, 480. Each family, 2,200. The following table gives the annual income of Holland and Belgium for 1832. The annual value of the manufactures of the United Netherlands is As the annual products of manufactures and mechanic arts. To which, add for agriculture as per table, Mining and deficient estimate on manufactures, as calculated by Mr. Seaman, $181,125,000 60,000,000 65,100,000 $390,600.000 6,750,000 58 290 £20,750,000 2,000,000 £10 7s. 6d. $49.80 249 00 £81,000,000 19,669,000 £4 2s. 6d. $19 82 46 66 99 10 The following table, compiled by Mr. Dupin, gives the annual income of France at various periods, the population, and the amount to each person in federal money: The following table, made out by Mr. Seaman, from calculations by McCulloch and Murray, exhibits the income of France for 1841 : Grain of all kinds, after deducting for seed, Vegetable products, Wool, The capital of France is thus set down for 1835: $1,598,020,000 34,000,000 $47 00 235 00 $7,031,750,000 4,218,650,000 $11,250,000,000 30.000,000 $375 00 1,875 00 $8,000,000,000 5,333,000,000 $13,333,000,000 The facts furnished by Humbolt, who spent the years 1803 and 1804 in Mexico, are all the statistics we have at hand of the resources of that country. They are as follows: The following table shows the population of each state of the Union in 1840, the annual value produced, and the amount per head, according to the estimates of Ezra C. Seaman, Esq., and Prof. George Tucker, both of whom, it will be perceived, reached nearly the same results through different processes: Population. Average produced. Amount to each. Produce. Amount to each. 501,703....$25,979,546....$51 75....$26,462,705....$52 New-Hampshire.. 284,574.. States. Maine.. Vermont.... Massachusetts... Connecticut... 291,948. .103 90 79 737,699. 77,930,921. ....105 62... 75.470,297. New-York........2,428,921....172,813,779.... 77 41....193,806.433.. 373,306... 29,463,028. ... .1,724,033....114,819,847. 79 84.... 29.672,426.... 79 66 62. ..131,033,655.. 76 ..1,519,467.... 64,108,075.... 42 00.... 63,906,678.... 42 Dist. of Columbia.. 212,267. 7,883,208. 43,112.. 43.712.... 1,862,245. ..1,239.797.... 58,438,299. 33 37 00. Wisconsin. Iowa.... Delaware. 1,386,745. Maryland.. Virginia..... North Carolina.. 753.419.. 30,867,783.. Florida. ... $57 00 $1,063,084,836 $62 65 |