and costs of access roads, logging, and artifi high, raising economic questions.

On such areas, there is nothing inherently properly used; it is the most practicable me to nature's way. The questions to resolve method should be applied, size of cutting a tion methods, and costs.

6. Allegheny Plateau-Appalachian mo problem.

The forests of the Allegheny Plateau-Ap supporting an unusually rich flora of man cial mention. Here the original forests, ranged from magnificent stands in fertile c ests on rocky ridges with much variation bet was likewise variable. Where a cordwood stands were clear-cut and cleanly utilized. was accomplished by what might be termed with many remnants of the old forest left burned extensively after removal of the old took a terrible toll. The second-growth fore logging, fire, disease, and insect depredation variable in quality and composition. They forester to manage. Some of the best second most cleanly stripped of the old growth.

The great diversity of conditions dictates proach to the cutting method used. Highl yellow poplar and cherry require full sunli uate these species, clear-cutting is required. oaks also require much light for regeneratio lates browse for the benefit of the deer.

On some areas, such as the Cumberland hardwoods may be so low as to justify conv of landscape values roadsides and other are for recreation need special treatment, such

these considerations. There is nothing inherent to pr cutting that necessarily results in insignificant dama values.

Clear-cutting is initially unattractive and conspicuo It can be visible and extremely objectionable along son lopes. The relatively short-time interval to reforest is not generally recognized by the public.

› size and location. The size, location, and dispersal are closely related to items 1 and 2 above. Theoreticall Id range in size from an acre, or even less, to the enti viculture consideration is that trees originate at abou and develop under essentially full-light conditions with t competition from trees bordering the clear-cut are varies for smaller cuttings, which are sometimes calle p cuttings. Much can be done by judicious planning o ation, and distribution of clear-cuttings to meet prope er 1 and 2 above.

n important aspect of the time dimensions is the tim the clear-cutting operation, including cleanup, until th shment of a new stand: the shorter the time, the better ired can range from 3 or 4 years in intensive Souther ent to about a decade in difficult forest situations in th

There is concern about apparent waste in clear-cutting btaining closer utilization is a technological-economi ajor concern to industry. It is the subject of much re siderable progress is being made. All wood volume is no d volume, however, and no general and simplistic utili ments can reasonably be established. It is a matter of d markets.

and costs of management. The purpose of forest reement are affected by its costs. They must be considered he past, forest operations have been primarily oriented r production, which is the principal, measurable, ecoforest lands. Today the forestry profession and the ple are concerned not only with efficient timber producmatters of environmental quality-matters that carry

was пишу ежарнней бу ՆԵ lavie more intensive since.

Largely as a reaction to unrestricted cuttin ber shortage, and conversion of forest lands an important development occurred in the which has direct significance to the subject the introduction of various kinds of selectiv ods. The object was to find silviculturally the so-called loggers selection, which mean chantable. Analysis of selective cutting sta and it was emphasized as a silvicultural met for some time thereafter. Large-scale planti developed during the same period on cutov During the 1940's and thereafter, planting w industry lands. Under the direction of pr markable job of rehabilitating our Nation accomplished, though much remains to be dor

Silvicultural and financial weaknesses of forest situations, the increasing effectiveness and the demands of some species for sunlig of clear-cutting.

BETTER APPLICATION OF MI

Any professionally prescribed land man tice, including clearcutting and selective cutt at this hearing, can be misapplied. The societ cutting and any other method. The existence for discontinuing the method. It argues fo answer to the question of how better applica involve understanding of the highly compl forests, which vary from one acre to anot which may apply to one area of a given fo adjacent area. It is the view of the Society of environmentally sound forest practices can lated on a national or large-area basis. Rath

ng is a suviculturany and ecologicany sound, necessar wet in many forest situations. The Society of America gly recommends that no moratorium or restrictions b se of this method on Federal forest lands. The duratio ratorium or restrictions, and the conditions for their lif ifficult to define. Also, it would be difficult to reestablis owing a moratorium.

y believes that high quality forest land management e environmental quality which the American peopl uld be conducted by highly educated professionals an ordance with its relative importance.

lix to Mr. Davis' prepared statement follows:)

DED EXCERPT FROM STATEMENT BY KENNETH P. DAVIS

legations concerning clearcutting

ze that a number of things have been said about clearcutting and at confuse and mis-state real issues. This is particularly true in of active public concern about environmental quality in which e extremely important. Clearcutting has drawn its share of al have been struck by the lack of fact or discrimination in many made. Let me give a few of these allegations to help focus on cance. It has been alleged:

· That clearcutting violates the Multiple Use Act, including the nt provision for sustained yield. There is no necessary relation here. Timber is certainly one important forest use and over e sustained productive capacity of a forest unit can be done by

That clearcutting is destructive to the soil, causes erosion, al stream flow, etc. These can result from too extensive use or on unstable soils, etc. These results could also result from imbuilding or logging practices. None of these results are inherent tting method.

That clearcutting is undesirable from the standpoint of wild3 an old and true saying that "deer follow the axe." Forest reecessitates opening up the tree stand, and the resulting more open imulate shrub and herbaceous growth, increasing wildlife food of which has to be close to the ground to be available. In dense Forests, coniferous particularly there is little wildlife food. There alance in actively managed forests, that includes all stand conreproduction to mature trees.

: That clearcutting is bad aesthetics, unsightly, etc. To some es look like forest devastation. But so do nature's frequently ds of windstorm, fire, insect epidemics, and others. If areas on

purposes of management and the characteristics of t To reduce to essentials, forest areas can be reorganiz ity using either even-aged or uneven-aged managem An even-aged stand on an area is one in which mo about the same time and grow up together. Such a ginning and an end in time; it originated, is tende cuts may be made. It is eventually removed, new tr process repeats. The time interval between remov rotation.

An uneven-aged stand, as its name implies, has no Trees are of different ages and under such managem tinued. There is no definite rotation.

Even-aged management is by far the method most U.S. and around the world. Essentially, it follows Na Contrary to much popular belief, natural forest stan more even-aged than casual inspection would suggest. phes of fire, storm, insects, and diseases. This is fire, storm, insects, and diseases. This is particular (softwood) forest types in the U.S. It is also tr deciduous) forest types than is generally recognized. includes trees of all ages but by forest treated uni area by area-even-aged conditions commonly prevail Even-aged management is also, in most situation economical to apply than maintenance of uneven stand. In fact, application of a true selection system conditions by individual areas is relatively rare in th

The above is the basic argument for application o is natural, efficient, economic, and in general produce and not only for timber production. I am not speakin ural areas where as nearly as possible natural con even- or uneven-aged stands.

Considering even-aged management specifically, recognized methods, each with variations. They are:

1. Shelterwood Method. Here, as a stand approa maturity, one or more fairly heavy cuttings are mad bring in new trees, normally by natural seeding. adequately established, the remaining parent stand i ural method, usually effective for getting tree rep desired species. It is also expensive to apply.

2. Seed Tree Method. With this method only eno are left to reseed the area. When this is accompl removed. The method has been applied to some ext recent years. The major reasons are frequent ine