policy. How over-censured by the North.-Gen. Scott's intermeddling. His im-

practicable advice.-President Buchanan's perfidy in the Moultrie-Sumter affair.-

His interview with the South Carolina delegation.-A second deception.-The "Star

of the West" affair.-The situation at the close of Buchanan's administration.—

The country waiting for the Signal of Combat.

CHAPTER VI.

82

Character of Abraham Lincoln in history.-Absurd panegyric.-The personal and

political life of the new President.-His journey to Washington.-His speech at

Philadelphia.—The flight from Harrisburg.-Alarm in Washington.-Military dis-

play in the capital.-Ceremony of inauguration.-Criticism of Lincoln's address.-

What the Republican party thought of it.-Serious pause at Washington.-State-

ment of Horace Greeley.-How the Inaugural Address was received in the Seceded

States.-Visit of Confederate Commissioners to Washington.-Seward's pledge to

Judge Campbell.-The Commissioners deceived.-Military and Naval expeditions

from New York.-Consultation of the Cabinet on the Sumter question.--Capt.

Fox's visit to Charleston.-His project.-Objections of Gen. Scott.-Singular article

in a New York journal.-Lincoln's hesitation.-His final device.-Seward's game

with the Commissioners.-The reduction of Fort Sumter.-Description of the Con-

federate works for the reduction of Sumter. -Beauregard demands the surrender

of the Fort. The bombardment.-The fort on fire.-The Federal fleet takes no

part in the fight.-The surrender.-Great excitement in the North.-Its true

meaning.-The crusade against the South.-Dr. Tyng's exhortation.-Conduct of

Northern Democrats.-Dickinson, Everett, and Cochrane.-President Lincoln's

Proclamation. His pacific protests to the Virginia Commissioners.-Secession of

Virginia. Discontent in the Western counties.-Second secessionary movement of

the Southern States.-Violent acts of the Washington Administration.-Prepara-

tions of the Confederate Government for War.-Rush of volunteers to arms.-Pre-

sident Davis' estimate of the military necessity.-Removal of the seat of govern-

ment to Richmond.-Activity of Virginia.-Robert E. Lee.-His attachment to the

Union.-Why he joined the Confederate cause.-His speech in the State House at

Richmond.—His organization of the military force of Virginia.-Military council

in Richmond.-The early reputation of Lee..
100

CHAPTER VII.

In what sense Virginia seceded from the Union.-A new interpretation of the war of

the Confederates.--Influence of Virginia on the other Border States.-Replies of

these States to Lincoln's requisition for troops.-Secession of Tennessee, Arkansas,

and North Carolina.-Seizure of Federal forts in North Carolina.-Movements in

Virginia to secure the Gosport navy-yard and Harper's Ferry.-Their success.--

Burning of Federal ships.-Attitude of Maryland.-The Baltimore riot.--Chase of

Massachusetts soldiers.-Excitement in Baltimore.-Timid action of the Maryland

Legislature.-Military despotism in Maryland.-Arrests in Baltimore.—A Reign of

Terrour.-Light estimation of the war in the North.-Why the Federal Government

sought to belittle the contest.-Lincoln's view of the war as a riot.-Seward's

Letter to the European Governments.-Early action of England and France with

respect to the war.-Mr. Gregory's letter to the London Times.-Northern conceit

about the war.-Prophecies of Northern journals.-A "Three months' war."-Ells-

worth and Billy Wilson.-Martial rage in the North.-Imperfect appreciation of the

·Crisis in the South.-Early ideas of the war at Montgomery.-Secret history of the

Confederate Constitution.-Southern opinion of Yankee soldiers.-What was

thought of "King Cotton."-Absurd theories about European recognition.-Lost

Opportunities of the Confederate Government.—Blindness and littleness of mind

North and South.-Reflection on public men in America.-Comparison of the re-

sources of the Northern and Southern States.-The Census of 1860.-Material ad-

vantages of the North in the war.—The question of subsistence.-Poverty of the

South in the material and means of war.-How the Confederacy was supplied with

small arms.-Peculiar advantages of the South in the war.-The military value

of space.-Lessons of history.-The success of the Southern Confederacy, a question

only of resolution and endurance.-Only two possible causes of failure. ..120

CHAPTER VIII.

Mr. Lincoln's remark about the wolf.-His designs upon Virginia.-Federal occupation

of Alexandria.-Tragedy at the Marshall House.-Jackson, the martyr.-The affair

of Great Bethel.-Easy victory of the Confederates.-Exaggerations of Southern

newspapers.-Apparent lull of hostilities.-New demonstrations of public opinion

in the North.-Financial difficulties at Washington.-Popular clamour against

President Lincoln and Gen. Scott.-Early indications of the real objects of the war.

-The rights of humanity.-Virginia the great theatre of the war.-The Grand

Army of the North.-Consultation of President Davis and Beauregard and Lee.—

Beauregard's line of defence in Northern Virginia.-Sketch of General Beauregard.

-His person and manners. His opinion of the Yankee.-The Army of the Potomac

and the Army of the Shenandoah.-Gen. Johnson's evacuation of Harper's Ferry.-

"Stonewall" Jackson's first affair with the enemy.-Johnston amusing the

enemy.-Affair of Rich Mountain.-McClellan's march into Northwestern Virginia.

-Rosecrans' capture of the Confederate force on Rich Mountain.-Retreat of the

Confederates from Laurel Hill.-Death of Gen. Garnett.-Extent of the disaster to

the Confederates.-The "Grand Army" advancing on Manassas.-Johnston's move-

́ment to Beauregard's line.-The Battle of Manassas.-The affair of 18th July.--

Longstreet's gallant defence.-Theatre of the great battle.-Beauregard's change

of purpose, and his plan of battle.-The Stone Bridge.—The “Big Forest.”—The

Confederates flanked. The day apparently lost for them.-The scene at the

Henry House.-Timely arrival of Jackson.-Gen. Beauregard disconcerted.-Ride

from the Hill to the Henry House.-The battle restored. The bloody plateau.—

Three stages in the battle.-The last effort of the enemy.-The strange flag.-

Arrival of Kirby Smith.-The grand and final Charge.-Rout and panic of the

enemy. The fearful race to the Potomac.-Scenes of the retreat.-Failure of the

Confederates to pursue, or to advance upon Washington.-A lost opportunity...134

CHAPTER IX.

The victory of Manassas, a misfortune for the Confederates.-Relaxation in Rich-

mond.-Plotting among Confederate leaders for the Presidential succession.—

Beauregard's political letter.-Active and elastic spirit of the North.-Resolution

of the Federal Congress.—Energy of the Washington Administration.-Its immense

preparations for the prosecution of the war.-The Missouri campaign.-The politics

of Missouri.-Sterling Price and his party.-Imprudence and violence of the Federal

authorities in Missouri.-Correspondence between Gens. Price and Harney.-Gov.

Jackson's proclamation.-Military condition of Missouri.-Her heroic choice.

Affair at Booneville.-Composition of the patriot army of Missouri.—Engagement

at Carthage.-Confederate reinforcements under McCulloch.-Disagreement be-

tween Price and McCulloch.-Noble conduct of Price.-The Battle of Oak Hill.—

McCulloch surprised.--A fierce fight.-Death of Gen. Lyon.-The Federals de-

feated. Withdrawal of McCulloch's forces into Arkansas.-Operations in Northern

Missouri.-Fremont in command of the Federal forces in Missouri.-His proclama-

tion emancipating the slaves.-Its novelty and brutality.-Repudiated at Washing-

ton.-The siege of Lexington.-Its surrender to Price.-Gallantry of Col. Mulligan.

-Critical position of Price.-His disappointment of Confederate succour.-His

adroit retreat.-Missouri's ordinance of secession.-Fremont superseded.-Three

military messengers in pursuit of him.-Excitement in his camp.-Price at Spring-

field. Close of the first campaign in Missouri. The campaign, a chapter of

wonders.--Missouri manhood.-The Western Virginia campaign.—Resources and

wealth of the Western section of Virginia.-Wise's command.-The enemy in the

Kanawha Valley.—Wise's retreat to Lewisburg.-The Floyd brigade.—Advance of

the joint forces towards the Gauley.-The affair at Cross Lanes.-Movement of

Rosecrans.-Affair of Carnifax Ferry.-Floyd and Wise fall back towards Sewell

Mountain.-An unfortunate Quarrel of Commanders.-Operations of Gen. Lee in

Northwestern Virginia.-His failure at Cheat Mountain.-Col. Rust's part, in the

affair.-Movement of Lee to the line of Lewisburg.-How Rosecrans escaped from

him.-Engagement of the Greenbrier River.-Gen. H. R. Jackson's success.

Failure of the Western Virginia campaign.-Gen. Lee's new command... .152

CHAPTER X.

The Congress in Washington.-New development of Northern policy.-Lincoln's po-

litical discovery.-His remarkable measures of War.-An era of despotism.—

Violent acts of Congress.-The seed of Abolition.-Suspension of the habeas

corpus.-Curious apology for it.-Military arrests.-A "Confidential" document

from McClellan.-Curious disposition of the Northern people to surrender their

liberties.-Conservatism of the Confederate cause.-Lincoln's view of State

"Neutrality” in the war.-Application of it to Kentucky.-The elections in Ken-

tucky.-The Confederates anticipate the Federal occupation of Kentucky.—Zolli-

coffer's command.-Polk's command.-Justification of the Confederate occupation.

-Claims and designs of the Federals in Kentucky.-Polk's occupation of Columbus.

-His proffer of withdrawal.-Arrests in Kentucky.-Despotic and brutal legisla-

tion.-Distinguished refugees.-Breckinridge's address.-Early military movements

in Kentucky.-Zollicoffer's operations.-Buckner's occupation of Bowling Green.-

The Battle of Belmont.-Movement of U. S. Grant.-Gen. Pillow's command en-

gaged at disadvantage.-The Confederates driven back.-Timely reinforcements.-

Sudden conversion of a defeat into a victory.-Retreat of Grant.-His official

misrepresentation of the day.-Prospect of the war in the West.
.175

CHAPTER XI.

The fickle public of the North.-Gen. Scott.-The clamour for McClellan. His exalta-

tion in the newspapers.-The theatrical and sensational mind of the North.-

Advance of the Confederates towards the Potomac.-McClellan's designs.-The

Confederates fall back to Centreville.-The Battle of Leesburg.-McClellan's move-

ment on the Confederate left.-Evans' brigade.-Fortunate capture of a Federal

courier.-The Federals cross the Potomac and occupy Ball's Bluff.-Splendid

charge of the Confederates.-Death of Col. Baker.-The enemy driven into the

River. An appalling spectacle of death.-Misrepresentations in Washington.-

Morale of M'Clellan's army.-The affair at Dranesville.-Defeat of Stuart.-

"Stonewall" Jackson's new command.-His expedition from Winchester.—Ter-

rible sufferings of his command.-His demonstration at Bath.-His movement to

Romney, and return to Winchester.-Close of the First Year's Campaign in Vir-

ginia.-Naval operations in 1861.—The enemy's immense advantage in his navy.

Statistics of the Federal navy.-Improvidence of the Confederates in coast and

river defences.--Secretary Mallory.-The Confederacy to lose all her sea-ports.-

Two naval expeditions down the Carolina coast.-Engagement at Hatteras Inlet.—

An unequal combat.-The Port Royal expedition.-Capture of Port Royal.-Value

of this Federal success.-The "Trent" affair.-Capture of Commissioners Mason

and Slidell.—An English commander's protest.-Great indignation in England.—

Preparations there for war.-Conceit and exultation of the North.-Tributes and

attentions to Capt. Wilkes.-Concern among the Confederates.-What Richmond

orators said.-Seward's correspondence with the British Government. His col-

lapse.--The last resort of demagogueism.-Disappointment of the Confederates in

the termination of the "Trent" affair.-Earl Russell's declaration in Parliament.-

Mr. Gregory's reply.-The Treaty of Paris and the Federal blockade.

CHAPTER XII.

185

General character of the military events of the year 1862.-The Confederate situation

in Kentucky.—Gen. A. S. Johnston's command and position.--Battle of Fishing

Creek.-The Confederate right in Kentucky.-Gen. Crittenden's command in ex-

treme straits.-Difficulty in subsisting it.-The decision to give battle to the

enemy.-Zollicoffer's brigade.-The contested hill.-Death of Zollicoffer.--Defeat

of the Confederates.--Crittenden crosses the Cumberland.-His losses.-Import-

ance of the disaster.--Designs of the enemy in Western Kentucky.--Popular de-

lusion as to Johnston's strength.-Hopelessness of his defence.-Official apathy in

Richmond.-Beauregard's conference with Johnston.-The Tennessee and Cumber-

land rivers.--The avenue to Nashville.-Grant's ascent of the Tennessee.-Cap-

ture of Fort Henry.-Noble and gallant conduct of Gen. Tilghman.-Battle of Fort

Donelson.-Johnston's reasons for making a battle there.--Commands of Buckner,

Pillow, and Floyd.--Site and strength of the fort.-Battle of the trenches.--En-

gagement of the gunboats.-Two days' success of the Confederates.--Suffering of

the troops from cold.-Exposure of the wounded.--Federal reinforcements.-The

Confederate council of war.--Plan of attack, to extricate the garrison.-A fierce

and terrible conflict.-The Federals forced back towards the Wynn's Ferry Road.

-The opportunity of exit lost.-Gen. Buckner's explanation.-A commentary

on military hesitation.-How the day was lost.-Nine hours of combat-Scenes

on the battle-field.--Council of Confederate generals.-Gen. Pillow's proposition.-

Literal report of the conversation of Gens. Floyd, Pillow, and Buckner.--A sur-

render determined.-Escape of Floyd and Pillow.-Buckner's letter to Grant.--

Johnston's movement to Nashville.-Excitement there.-Retreat of Johnston's

command to Murfreesboro'.-Panic in Nashville.--Capture of Roanoke Island by the

enemy.-Burnside's expedition.-Gen. Wise's estimate of the importance of Roan-

oke Island. His correspondence and interviews with Secretary Benjamin.-De-

fences of the Island.--Naval engagement.-Commodore Lynch's squadron.-Land-

ing of the enemy on the Island.--Defective reconnoissance of the Confederates.

Their works flanked.-The surrender.—Pursuit of the Confederate gunboats.—

Extent of the disaster.-Censure of the Richmond authorities.-Benjamin accused

by the Confederate Congress...
198

CHAPTER XIII.

True causes of the Confederate disasters in the second year of the war.-The enemy's

"Anaconda plan."-Rebukes to the vanity of the Confederates.-The sum of their

disasters.-Inauguration of the Permanent Government of the Confederate States.-

Gloomy scene in Capitol Square.-President Davis' speech.-Commentary of a

Richmond journal.-Causes of popular animation in the Confederacy.-Develop-

ment of the enemy's design upon slavery.-History of the Anti-slavery measures

of Lincoln's administration.-His early declaration of non-interference with sla-

very. Mr. Seward in 1860.-Lincoln's statement, March 4th, 1861.-Diplomatic

declaration, April, 1861.-Early affectations of Lincoln's Administration on the

subject of slavery.-M'Clellan's address.-M'Dowell's order.-Revocation of the

emancipation measures of Fremont and Hunter.-First act of Anti-slavery legisla-

tion at Washington.-Lovejoy's resolution.-The Anti-slavery clause in the Confis-

cation Act.-Three notable measures of anti-slavery legislation.-Commencement

of the Emancipation policy in the District of Columbia.—Explanation of the ascen-

dancy of the Abolition party during the war.-The new Confederate Congress.-

Its vigour. The old Provisional Congress.-Its measures.-Its echoes to Federal

legislation. The sequestration law.-Silly and demagogical military legislation.-

The "Sixty Days' furlough" law.-Alarm of Gen. Johnston.-Indisposition of

Confederate volunteers to re-enlist.-The Conscription law of the Confederate

States. Its timely passage.-Its provisions and effect. Other military acts of the

Confederate Congress.—Re-organization of the army.-Destruction of Southern

cotton and tobacco.-Authorization of partisan service.-Alternations of Confede-

rate victory and defeat.-The Trans-Mississippi.-Battle of Elk Horn.-Van Dorn's

command.-An obstinate fight.-Death of M'Culloch.-The Confederate success

indecisive and imperfect.-Reasons for Van Dorn's retreat.-Confederate designs

upon Missouri abandoned for the present.-Transfer of Van Dorn's and Price's

forces.-Naval fight in Hampton Roads.-The Virginia and the Monitor-Lack of

naval enterprise in the Confederacy.-The privateer service.-Construction of the

Virginia.-Confederate squadron in the James River.-Federal fleet off Fortress

Monroe.-Fearful enterprise of the Virginia.-Sinking of the Cumberland.- Gal-

lantry of her crew.-A thrilling ccene of heroic devotion.-Surrender of the Con-

gress.-Frightful scenes of carnage.-Perfidious conduct of the enemy.—The

Virginia engages the Minnesota.-Wonderful results of the first day's fight.-

Second day's fight.-Apparition of the Monitor.-A singular scene of naval com-

bat.-A drawn battle.-Excitement about iron vessels.-Discussion in the news-

papers.—Addition of Ironclads to the Federal navy.-What M'Clellan thought of

the Virginia.-Capture of Newbern, &c.-Objects of Burnside's expedition.—

Branch's command at Newbern.-The Confederate works on the Neuse River.—

Retreat of Branch.-Federal occupation of Newbern.-Capture of Fort Macon.-

The entire coast of North Carolina in possession of the enemy.-The sea-coast

an unimportant part of the Confederate defences..

214

The new line of Confederate defence south of Nashville.-Its objects.--Co-operation

of Johnston and Beauregard.-Capture of Island No. 10 by the enemy.-Gen.

Polk's evacuation of Columbus.--M'Cown's occupation of Island No. 10 and

New Madrid.-Condition of the defences at these places.-Pope moving on

New Madrid.-Smallness of M'Cown's force.-Pope's strength in artillery.-

His occupation of Point Pleasant.-A terrific bombardment.-Evacuation of New

Madrid.-Effect of this movement.-Bombardment of Island No. 10.-Gallant

defence of Rucker's battery.-Transfer of a portion of M'Cown's forces to Fort

Pillow. His preparations for retreat.-Gen. Mackall assigned to the defence of