whorl; the flowers, in terminal clusters, are white, the tube with a four-parted limb; calyx united with the ovary, which ripens into a small, globular, very hairy fruit. The flowers are fragrant, and the leaves, odorless when fresh, give off when wilted or dry the scent of new-mown hay, which is retained by the dried herbage for several years; it belongs to the same class of odors as that of the sweet vernal grass, melilot, Tonqua bean, and vanilla. The plant spreads by its underground stems, and forms dense mats or clumps, a habit of growth which makes it useful for edging to borders; it likes the shade, and may be used to carpet the ground beneath shrubs. It is much esteemed by the Germans, who call it Waldmeister and use it to flavor wine; their favorite Maiwein, or Maitrank, is made by infusing the leaves in Rhine wine; the Germans in this country often use instead the sweet-scentted bedstraw (galium triflorum), a related plant of similar appearance, which gives off in drying an odor much like that of woodruff. The plant is readily increased by division, or may be raised from seeds. WOODRUFF, a N. E. county of Arkansas, bounded W. by White river, and intersected by Cache river and Bayou Deview; area, about 575 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 6,891, of whom 2,686 were colored. The surface is level or slightly rolling, and the soil is fertile. The chief productions in 1870 were 145,495 bushels of Indian corn, 18,780 lbs. of butter, and 5,880. bales of cotton. There were 661 horses, 569 mules and asses, 4,173 cattle, 735 sheep, and 7,157 swine. Capital, Augusta. WOOD RUSH. See LUZUla. WOODS. I. Leonard, an American clergyman, born in Princeton, Mass., June 19, 1774, died in Andover, Aug. 24, 1854. He graduated at Harvard college in 1796, and in 1798 was ordained pastor of the church at Newbury. He was professor of theology in Andover theological seminary from its foundation in 1807 till 1846, and took a prominent part in the establishment of the American tract society, the American education society, the temperance society, the American board of commissioners for foreign missions (of the prudential committee of which he was a member for 25 years), &c. His works include "Letters to Unitarians" (1820); "Lectures on the Inspiration of the Scriptures" (1829); "Memoirs of American Missionaries" (1833); "Lectures on Church Government" (1843); and "Lectures on Swedenborgianism" (1846). He published a collective edition of his works in 5 vols. 8vo (Andover, 1849-'50; 4th ed., 1860). II. Leonard, son of the preceding, born in Newbury, Mass., Nov. 24, 1807. He graduated at Union college in 1827, was ordained in 1833, and was for some time editor of the "Literary and Theological Review" in New York. From 1839 to 1866 he was president of Bowdoin college, and in 1867 went to Europe to obtain materials for the documentary history of Maine, under the auspices of the state legislature. He has translated Knapp's "Lectures on Christian Theology (2 vols. 8vo, 1831-'3), and De Maistre's "General Principles of Political Constitutions." WOODSON, a.S. E. county of Kansas, drained by branches of. the Neosho and Verdigris rivers; area, 504 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 3,827; in 1875, 4,476. The surface is level or undulating, and the soil fertile. The Missouri, Kansas, and Texas railroad crosses the N. É. corner. The chief productions in 1870 were 13,312 bushels of wheat, 81,980 of Indian corn, 35,536 of oats, 9,173 of potatoes, 8,293 lbs. of wool, 45,199 of butter, and 4,382 tons of hay. There were 870 horses, 3,638 cattle, 2,214 sheep, and 889 swine. Capital, Defiance. WOOD SORREL. See OXALIS. WOODSTOCK, a town and the county seat of Windsor co., Vermont, on the Ottaquechee, an affluent of the Connecticut river, at the terminus of the Woodstock railroad, 45 m. S. of Montpelier; pop. in 1870, 2,910. It has manufactories of scythes, axes, pickers, straw cutters, woollen goods, rakes, children's sleds and carts, &c., a national bank, a savings bank, a high school, three weekly newspapers, and six churches. The legislature met here in 1807. WOODSTOCK. I. A town, port of entry, and the capital of Oxford co., Ontario, Canada, on the river Thames and the Great Western railway, 80 m. S. W. of Toronto; pop. in 1871, 3,982. Its fine scenery attracts many summer visitors. The trade is considerable, and there | is good water power. The town contains a woollen factory, six furniture factories, several mills, two branch banks, several good educational institutions, three weekly newspapers, and eight churches. The value of imports for the year ending June 30, 1874, was $114,290; of exports, $194,104. II. A town, port of entry, and the capital of Carleton co., New Brunswick, on the St. John river, and on the New Brunswick and Canada and the New Brunswick railways, 61 m. N. W. of Fredericton; pop. in 1871, 3,963. In high stages of water steamers ply to Grand Falls, 65 m. above. Extensive deposits of iron ore are worked in the vicinity. The town contains manufactories of iron castings, mill machinery, agricultural implements, leather, furniture, &c., and several mills. There are a weekly newspaper, a monthly periodical, a grammar school, a convent, and churches of five denominations. The value of imports for the year ending June 30, 1874, was $53,844; of exports, $209,209. WOODWAXEN, or Woadwaxen, the plant genista tinctoria (Celtic gen, a bush), which is also called dyers' weed, green weed, and whin, the last name properly belonging to uler; it is a low shrub of the leguminosa or pulse family, common in Europe, and naturalized in some of the eastern United States, especially in Massachusetts. The branches, 12 to 18 in. high from a decumbent base, are stiff and green and clothed with simple lanceolate leaves; the yel Woodwaxen (Genista tinctoria). Sections of Southdown and Saxon Wool, magnified. peculiar feeling of rawness and its property of felting. (See FELT.) In all the early races of sheep the distinction between wool and hair is very marked. The hair is coarse and hollow or pithy, and its appearance is much the same, whether on the sheep of the tropics or of cold regions; but in the tropics it is almost free from the under coating of true wool. The structure of wool fits it as perfectly for twisting into a yarn which will not unwind as for felting. The transverse grooves or serrations are exceedingly minute, measuring from each other only to 12006 of an inch. Wool varies in character accord about an inch long, smooth, flat, and severalseeded. The plant was formerly important as a dye; a decoction of the flowering tops, with alum and cream of tartar as mordants, gives a good yellow color; cloth thus dyed was made green by dipping it in a vat of woad. This is the method by which the once famous Kendal green was produced; the process was introduced by Flemish emigrants, who in the reigning to the particular breed of sheep upon of Edward III. settled at Kendal in Westmore- which it grows, and also in some degree to land. This, like woad, has long since been the nature of the soil, food, shelter, and clisuperseded by dyes of foreign origin, though mate. In fine Saxon wool there are about still somewhat employed in domestic dyeing. 2,720 imbrications to the inch; in ordinary The plant flourishes in the most sterile places. merino, about 2,400; in the Australian meWOODWORTH, Samuel, an American author, rino, 2,000 to 2,400; in Southdown, about born in Scituate, Mass., Jan. 13, 1785, died in 2,000; and in Leicester, about 1,800. The New York, Dec. 9, 1842. He learned the fibres vary in diameter from to re of an printer's trade in Boston, worked at it in nu- inch. In felting properties Saxon wool is sumerous places, and in 1823 with George P. perior to all others, the Leicester and SouthMorris founded the "New York Mirror." He down being inferior, and making only coarse produced several dramatic pieces, but his repu- hairy cloth. The finest wool grows on the tation rests chiefly upon the song of "The Old shoulders and along the back; the next finest Oaken Bucket." His collected poems were on the neck, under the shoulders, and along published, with a memoir, in 1861 (2 vols. the ribs. (For the manner of development and 18mo, New York). growth of wool, see HAIR.) A fatty secretion called the "yolk" accompanies the growth of wool, consisting of a soapy matter with a potash base, a small quantity of carbonate of potash, traces of acetate of potash, chloride of potassium, lime, and animal oil, the last imparting a peculiar odor. The yolk may therefore be regarded as a soap with oil in excess. As a rule, the finer wooled sheep have the greatest percentage of yolk, the Saxon often containing from 60 to 75 per cent., while coarse wools contain only from 20 to 50 per cent. The yolk obviously imparts flexibility to the fibres, and as a rule the fineness of fibre corresponds to the fineness of texture of the skin WOOL, a covering similar to hair, growing from the skins of several kinds of animals, but principally of the sheep, the alpaca, and the Cashmere and Rocky mountain goat. In all but the sheep the wool is found only on certain parts of the body; and some parts of the sheep, as the nose and legs, are covered with hair. Other animals, as the beaver and wild cat, have more or less wool concealed beneath the longer growth of hair. Wool is in its structure a modification of hair, and like it is composed of an epithelium and a rind, but is without a marrow. The epithelium consists of small thin plates which overlap each other, WOOL it grows on; gross feeding will increase the Evenness and length of size of the fibre. 'staple" are desirable, and also "freeness," or that condition in which the fibres are not entangled with each other. Color is important, and for the reception of a brilliant dye it should be quite white. The length of wool ranges usually from 6 to 12 in.; but if the animal is allowed to go long unshorn, the fibres become coarser and may attain a length of 40 in. or more. The usual weight of an alpaca fleece is from 10 to 12 lbs. The whitest wool known in commerce is that of the Angora goat, termed mohair. The fleece, weighing from 2 to 4 lbs. and free from under down, is very silky, hanging in curls of an average length of 5 in. The wool of the Cashmere goat, which is the under coat, is short, but peculiarly soft, rich, and lustrous. The task of separating it, fibre by fibre, from the hair or "hemp" of the outer coat, is very tedious, and, despite the cheapness of Indian labor, is one cause of the great cost of Cashmere shawls.-The rearing of sheep dates from the earliest times; numerous passages in the Bible allude to sheep, wool, and woollen garments. Attic wool was celebrated from a very early period down to the first century B. C. The woollen fabrics of both Greece and Italy were excellent, although Strabo, living at the beginning of our era, says that the fine cloths worn by the Romans in his time were made of wool brought from Spain. Pliny describes several fine-wooled varieties of Spanish sheep. Livingston, classifying the merinoes of Spain at the beginning of the present century, declares those of Castile and Leon to be the longest and to have the finest fleece; those of Soria small, with very fine wool; those of Valencia of fine wool, but with a very short staple. He gives as the average weight of the Spanish fleece 8 lbs. for the ram and 5 lbs. for the ewe, the loss of weight in washing being one half. The acclimation of the Spanish merino anywhere out of its native country appears to have been first attempted in France by Colbert about 1670; but the first successful importation into France was in 1786, of about 300 sheep, selected by order of the king of Spain in response to the application of Louis XVI. These sheep, from the finest flocks in Spain, were placed on lands at Rambouillet, about 30 m. from Paris. Taken from many different flocks, they gradually blended into one variety, yielding a fleece no finer than the Spanish, but of greater weight, increasing from 6 lbs. 9 oz. in 1796 to 9 lbs. 1 oz. in 1801. The successful introduction of merino sheep into Saxony was somewhat earlier than into France; the stock, in consequence of a different mode of rearing, became physically deteriorated, but improved in fineness of fleece. (For a further account of the qualities of wool produced by different breeds, see SHEEP.)-The English government records show repeated acts or edicts ostensibly forbidding the exportation of wool from the kingdom, but which for 713 some time really prepared the way for profit- YEARS. TOTAL IMPORTS. Lbs. 1871... 823.036.299 Value. 92,542,884 170,708,115 1870... 263,250,499 £15,812,598 17.926,639 185,089,794 168,868,417 18,523,350 187,511,247 1872... 806,879,664 123,246,172 194,790,607 19,541,678 1878... 818,036,779 21,116,184 144,294,663 200,176,234 1874... 844,470,897 The imports in 1875 reached nearly 360,000,000 The souri, 3,649,390; Vermont, 3,102,137. wool clip of Ohio in 1875 was 16,684,276 lbs.; number of sheep, 4,100,288. The total number of sheep in the United States in 1875 was about 34,000,000. The growth of this industry in recent years has been far greater west than east of the Mississippi river. For several years California has produced far more than any other state in the Union, the yield of 1875 exceeding 43,500,000 lbs. The following statement, prepared by James Lynch of New York, a recognized authority, shows the estimated annual production of wool in the United States, in pounds, during the last decade : 1866.. 1867. 1868. 1869.. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1878.. 1874.. 1875. 120,000,000 9,000,000 6,000,000 140,000,000 11,000,000 7,000,000 150,000,000 16,000,000 8,000,000 185,000,000 17,250,000 7,000,000 130,000,000 23,000,000 7,000,000 110,000,000 25,000,000 8,000,000 120,000,000 24,000,000 9,000,000 8,000,000 4,000,000 160,000,000 125,000,000 82,700,000 9,000,000 4,500,000 3,500,000 120,000,000 88,500,000 10,000,000 6,000,000 3,500,000 125,000,000 45,000,000 12,000,000 7,000,000 4,000,000 2,000,000 137,000,000 2,000,000 160,000,000 8,000,000 177,000,000 The chief countries from which the imports were received in 1875 were: South Africa, 6,286,849 lbs.; Argentine Republic, 8,999,693; Australia, 9,461,644; Brazil, 1,142,750; British possessions in North America, 3,018,547; Chili, 3,616,299; England, 11,882,207; France, 2,515,236; Mexico, 1,095,282; Russia, 3,814,950; Uruguay, 865,440. The quantity from Uruguay was 7,110,911 lbs. in 1872, 6,110,871 lbs. in 1873, and 4,094,275 lbs. in 1874. The imports from Turkey were also much greater in the years prior to 1875, amounting in 1873 to 2,812,840 lbs. WOOL, Manufactures of. At the time of the Macedonian conquest the natives of India wove shawls of great beauty. The Greeks also learned many processes of woollen manufacture from the Egyptians; and the Romans and also the people of Spain and Byzantium in turn obtained instruction from the Greeks. Woollen garments were generally worn by the Romans of both sexes at a very early period. A fraternity engaged in cloth manufacture appears to have been formed in the 10th century in the Netherlands; the wool of the country was first used, and imports were afterward made, until this district furnished a considerable portion of the cloth demanded in Europe. But Spain already produced her own cloth, and in the 13th century the beauty of cloths made from her fine wools was celebrated. Early in the same century some friars of St. Michael established a woollen manufactory in Florence, and apparently employed processes superior to those previously in use; and this city appears to have had at that time about 300 shops, producing annually about 100,000 pieces of cloth. Accounts 30 years later tell of 200 shops as turning out from 70,000 to 80,000 pieces, worth | Gloucestershire, Worcestershire, Westmoremore than 1,200,000 golden florins. Eventu- | land, Yorkshire, Hampshire, Berkshire, and ally the manufacturers of wool became most Sussex, cloth. During several subsequent largely established in Flanders, England, and reigns much attention was given to worsteds, France, the Flemings having especially so far and English cloths were still mainly of coarser taken precedence in the perfecting of textile quality, the finest being imported from Braprocesses and products that their workmen be- bant. The exports of English cloths meancame successively the instructors of the less while became so large that, when in the reign skilled English and French clothiers, and in of Henry VIII. the ports of Spain and the reality the founders of the improved manufac- Netherlands were closed against them, great tures now so important to the two last named distress arose among the manufacturers. At countries. Scarlet cloths of England are men- this time Blackwell hall was established as a tioned in the chronicles of Orkney in the 12th sort of cloth hall for London dealers, while the century; and under Henry I. a clothiers' guild foreign trade was chiefly in the hands of the was chartered, receiving exclusive privileges company of "merchant adventurers," who had within the district of London, Southwark, and their mart at Antwerp. The further immigrathe parts adjacent. An inundation occurring tion of Flemish cloth workers in the reign of in the Netherlands in the time of William the Elizabeth resulted in a very considerable imConqueror, many of the clothiers driven from pulse to the woollen manufactures throughout the country went to England, where they es- the kingdom. But during the following reign, tablished their business in Carlisle, and then and in fact until the close of the 17th century, in the western counties. There seems to have the contest between the manufacturers and the been a tendency toward "shoddy" in early growers of wool, with the narrow policy of times; for Latimer in a sermon condemned the government, restricting the manufacturers the mixing of wares, the stretching of woven to certain localities or corporations, prohibitpieces to more than their proper length, and ing the export of undyed cloths, and dealing in the practice of then restoring body in the cloth cloths by foreigners, chiefly characterizes the by incorporating into it a so-called "flock history of the business. In the early part of powder," apparently consisting of chopped the 18th century Yorkshire began to assume a. wool. A project for reforming these abuses, more important position in these manufactures, sent to Cecil, mentions them as an enormity and this county afterward became the chief endangering the entire commodity of the seat of both the English worsteds and woolrealm; and in 1590 mention is made of per- lens; and though the inventions in connection sons appointed in the county of York "to with spinning machinery for a time gave an deface, cut in pieces, and burn all such blocks unusual prominence to the cotton manufacture, or boards as have been or are used for chop- yet the improvement in mechanism and proping of flocks." In consequence of invitations cesses for manufactures in wool soon followed, extended by Edward III. to Flemish cloth and, aided by the perfection attained by the weavers to remove to England, many of them German wools and the large supplies from went over; and although for a time they were other sources, as well as by a more liberal molested by native workmen, and even their commercial policy, resulted at length in a more cloths and worsteds were subjected to an ex- healthy condition and growth of these manuport duty discriminating against them and in factures, which has continued to the present favor of the latter, yet they were successful. time. The woollen and worsted manufacturing The company of drapers (the word then signi- industries in Great Britain in 1871 and 1875 fying clothiers or cloth workers), though pre- were as follows: viously existing, was incorporated in 1364; the cloth shearers or shearmen were separately incorporated in 1480, and in 1528 they were united with the fullers by Henry VIII. in the association of cloth workers. The fraternity of tailors received its charter in 1399. Besides these and the weavers, other companies, as those of the dyers, the burrelers or burlers, and worsted workers, were gradually formed. The last named guild, as well as the class of fabrics in which they worked, took its name from the town of Worstead, in Norfolk, where these manufactures were the most important. The early weavers of Norfolk appear also to have been Flemings; and the distribution of the various manufactures not long after the accession of these workmen under Edward III. was as follows: Norfolk, worsteds; Suffolk, baize; Essex and Somersetshire, serges; Devonshire, kerseys; Wales, friezes; Kent, broadcloth; PARTICULARS. Number of factories.... of spindles 46 64 of power looms 1871. 1875. Wool. Worsted. Wool. Worsted. 630 1,925 692 1,949 2,664,979 1,821,144 8,266,703 2,182,792 50,830 64.659 58,527 81,747 128,946 109,557 138,053 172,097 The value of the total exports of woollen and worsted manufactures for the three years 1873-5 was as follows: ARTICLES. Woollen cloths, coat- Total....... 1873. 1874. 1875. £6,599,635 £6,642,222 £6,881,281 14,277,382 11,888,072 11,163,048 1,597,353 1,480,892 1,160,085 2,875,478 2,789,666 2,494,434 £25,349,878 £32,800,852 £21,648,848 |